The Role of the Deity in the Hebrew Bible or the development of Satan Essay

The Role of the Deity in the Hebrew Bible or the development of Satan in the Hebrew Bible - Essay Example This is far from the beastly and prophetic visions of Satan that come later in the additional Christian texts, for example in Revelations, in which Satan is effectively demonized or polarized, to represent the extreme side of evil, versus the extreme side of good. Satan in the Old Testament is more simple and straightforward, and also has a more direct relationship with God. There are cues about Satan in Genesis and other Old Testament books. â€Å"In Genesis, God not only promises consequences for disobedience but that a battle will be fought-at great cost to God-to set all free from the destructive power of evil and human sin† (Weissenmuler, 2002). However, in terms of explicit mention of Satan by name, to represent an alternate side of God, the book of Job is the book of focus. In the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible, there is not really much explicit mention of Satan before the book of Job. As mentioned above, of course, in Genesis, there is the portrayal of evil, and the representation of evil through the snake which tempts Eve with the apple, but even here the snake is not explicitly identified as Satan. It is a more symbolic meaning. And, although there are occasional uses of â€Å"satan† as a verb or noun to mean terrorize or enemy, respectively in the Old Testament before the book of Job, Job is the first book in which the reader is introduced to Satan as a personage with a direct relationship to God. The reader sees that Job is a man who â€Å"feared God, and eschewed evil† (KJV,Job,1,1), who has been given a bountiful and prosperous life by his God. Satan is introduced early in the book through a series of tests by which God is to measure Job’s faith by taking away the abundance that he has given him; Satan acts as an agent of God in carrying out the disruption of Job’s plenty and the corruption of his body. In this way, the reader can see that, rightfully so in a book

A purely farcical character Essay Example for Free

A purely farcical character Essay In this essay I intend to discuss the statement Petruchio is a purely farcical character and far I agree with it. I intend to explore Petruchios character further to determine whether he has other side to him apart from his comical side whether he is a purely farcical character. The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy, a farcical play with a lot of the humour being about the war between the sexes, which is shown in the major theme of marriage, and men trying to tame their women. Petruchio plays a big part in this with his wooing and marriage to Katherine. Petruchio is the main character in the play aswell as Katherine and he is also one of the main farcical characters who is often witty and farcical in his speeches is portrayed as a clown with a lot of comic scenes. They are quite slapstick humour as with his wedding outfit, his outfit shows him acting the clown. The description we get of his outfit is very comical and the image of the old horse. It is his wedding day and he doesnt take it at all seriously. Another example of his humour is in Act 1 scene 2 where Petruchio and Grumio have a comic misunderstanding at the door. All these scenes are very silly and slapstick and show Petruchio as perhaps a purely farcical character, but there are other sides to him. Deceit is a major theme in The Taming of the Shrew, with many of the characters in disguise. Petruchio is one character who doesnt swap identities with another character as we see with Lucentio and Tranio, but he does have a different disguise. He plays a role to tame Katherine and marry her so that he can be wealthy. He tricks her into believing he is a cruel man and he tells the audience this in one of his speeches (iv line 159-178). He tells them of his plans to deceive her and cure her of her shrewish ways and so she will become the dutiful wife and a lady. He does imply in this speech that he himself will also have to suffer in order to tame her (line 170-178) Petruchios character is quite deceitful and he does admit this to the audience. He is so deceitful he almost fools the audience into believing he is being himself. But he cant be as he keeps informing them of his plans to deceive Katherine, so he obviously is not the man he portrays himself as. In the presence of his friends he is quite humorous as again with the scene where Petruchio and Grumio have the comical misunderstanding. With his friends he is more himself and is honest about what he wants, married, happy, and wealthy in Padua.

Muhammed Ali :: essays research papers

â€Å"Fly like a butterfly, Sting like a bee.† This is what the man did, and what he was good at. Mohammed Ali was the first man to ever win the heavyweight title three times, and had a very impressing boxing career. But Mohammed Ali was not only an impressive boxer, but he brought about social change in his own way as well. First, he has contributed extensively to the Muslim religion, for one by joining it, along with other contributions. Secondly, with his speaking out against the war in Vietnam and refusing the draft, he was the first public figure to speak out against the war and not go to fight. Thirdly, there was his flamboyant and perceived arrogance he was probably the worlds first modern sports star. Mohammed Ali was indeed a great person who brought about significant social change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His contributions to the Muslim religion were indeed significant. First with his joining of the Muslim religion, came more recognition of the religion. Also Ali becoming a practicing Muslim minister helped the religion become more recognized. He also reached out to third world countries as a diplomat in an attempt to bring peace, which is of the spirit Muslim Religion. But most of all his practicing of peace and not joining in the fight against the Vietcong, despite the drawn out legal battle and obvious resistance to this decision, was the greatest demonstration of his devotion to the Muslim religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mohammed Ali received much resistance for his beliefs, and even more resistance for his eventual refusal to be drafted into the army to fight in Vietnam. As soon as this got out he was stripped of his title, and all of his boxing licenses. Along with obvious resentment from the general public came a long drawn out legal battle, but he stuck to his guns, umm in a manner of speaking. During his exile from boxing he spoke against the war at colleges and various other places in order to make money, this made him the first public figure to speak against the war in Vietnam. His conscientious objector claim eventually won his fight against the Supreme Court (not a literal fight of course), and he was again free to fight. Giving him freedom once again to be the crazy superstar boxer he was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As many people already know Ali was a very boastful man, and he was very often capable to back up his boasts.

Tall Buildings

The aspiration to construct tall buildings is not something new. They have always been used to demonstrate control and wealth. In the world of tall buildings, the design and construction and life safety are the most important aspects of offering a fictional building. The life safety of the occupant of buildings is very essential as today most tenants are worried more and more about how safe the building is? Issues such as unplanned fire, earthquakes, floods and terrorist attacks are major concerns. Such disasters have proved to cost millions of economic, financial and human loss.These disasters tend to have enormous effect on the construction industry; and professionals such as architects, fire engineers, structural engineers, insurers and emergency workers from all over the world were called to discuss the issue and find solutions. Their have been several procedures derived in order to attain security against fire It is not possible to attain the required level of safety by followin g one procedure. Thus several procedures if performed together prove to be helpful in attaining certain results against fire.Most of the fascinating tall buildings and there integrated systems that have reached a level of safety during several events such as the world trade centre1 and 2, the emirates tower in Dubai and many others. â€Å"Understanding the role, limitations and interface between systems is fundamental to system selection. Complementing to systems side of building design is the operating feature or human interface that supplements these sophisticated systems† (Craighead, 2003). To sustain the level of safety and quality it is necessary that security systems are designed with exceptional attention at the time when the design of the building is designed.Then there is the maintenance to keep fire security up to date and in working conditions these systems are to be checked and tested from time to time on regular basis. This paper will offer a review and descripti on of all of these aspects linked to high rise buildings. This study has been researched and developed in order to find requirements concerning fire safety in tall buildings, along with determining the relation between good designs and improving safety of tall buildings and occupants.Aims and ObjectivesAims:The aim of this paper is to provide an understanding of how a better informed design of tall buildings can address fire safety requirements. In particular, it seeks to identify how fire can affect the safety of a tall building and its occupants, It also examine the existing and emerging design solutions and legislation to address the problems and threats of fire safety in tall buildings. According to The New Civil Engineer, â€Å"The WTC disaster has caused us all to think hard about the best actions to take to make tall buildings safer,† (Forest and Wainwright 2002).To improve the overall safety of tall buildings, this research will view a specific aspect of fire emergenc y in more depth. This aspect is related with the comparison of using stairs and elevators in case of an emergency.Objectives:The main objectives or topics of this paper that I have evaluated briefly and thoroughly as per requirement are as following:1. Introduce fire behaviour in tall buildings and how it spreads.2. Outline the consequences for human lives and physical resources.3. Discuss how poor design of tall buildings has caused fire.4. Examine how good design like a balanced approach in using stairs and elevators with respect to the number of floors is useful in minimizing losses during fires.5. Synthesise the main points and outline the recommendations for the design of tall buildings.Hence after evaluating and analysing the sub topics mentioned above in an organized manner it can be expected that we would achieve the desired aims. To thoroughly evaluate the every objective we need to conduct proper research and use appropriate methods to achieve the desired results.Research MethodologyA number of sources have been used to compile this paper. The lists of references are outlined at the end of this paper. In main approaches were selected for this study, which includes:1) Collection of secondary data about history, evolution, development of the design and safety issues in tall buildings and identify how they relate to each other. This included the analysis of books, journals, internet sources and other relevant publications. In addition, codes, standards and regulations which have impacted on fire safety in buildings were also reviewed.2) Analysis of a case study illustrating examples of high rise buildings relating to their success and failure during a fire. This also entailed the examination of design solutions to fire safety.Chapter #2: Literature ReviewThis chapter focuses on the analysis of existing literature on the good designs in relation to tall building. The chapter even revolves around fire behaviour and means of escape in case of fire from tal l buildings. This chapter begins with the importance of tall buildings and what kind of threats pose these magnificent structure, the chapter moves on further with the concepts of good and bad design.At the end of the chapter some legislations and laws are discussed. Tall Buildings Defining a building as being tall and magnificent can be done through the number of floors it has by general people. Then there are terms used that include ‘skyscraper’ and ‘high rise’ these terms are generally used to describe tall building therefore I researched to understand these terms and found meanings that were equally vague:â€Å"Very tall modern building, usually in a city† (Cambridge International Dictionary of English, 2003).â€Å"A very tall building with many storeys† (Word Net, 2003).â€Å"A tall modern building with a lot of floors† (Cambridge International Dictionary of English, 2003).After focusing on dictionaries I spend some time researchin g from books, Skyscrapers have fascinated mankind since the start of civilization.It is not possible to define them by using specific terms linked just to the height or to the number of floors. â€Å"The height of a building is a matter of a person’s or community’s circumstance and their consequent perception† as Stafford-Smith said. Therefore, no definition of tall building can be generally applied.However, the structural engineers define a tall building â€Å"as one that, because of its height, is affected by lateral forces due to wind or earthquake to the extent that the forces play an important role in their structural design† as Stafford-Smith said. (Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design) Advantages of Tall Buildings Tall buildings are designed to supply the requirements of an intended occupancy such as residential, commercial or both together. They are not the only way to attain high density but they can in situations such as small areas of a city where land is limited.Moreover, tall buildings are usually situated or placed near the public transport nodes which reduce the necessity for car use. many people agree that they are advantageous . They can as well take part in a positive part in the design of the city centre by marking places of public, commercial or cultural importance. Also, Refurbishing and reusing the actual unoccupied space can allow the positive flow-on effects of regeneration to be spread more all over the city centre, and as long as they are well designed and located, they can be a positive way to develop in urban areas. (Construction Technology for Tall Buildings)In the early stages of planning a building, the whole design team has to agree on one form of structure to satisfy all the requirements considering the safety and fictional matters. Thus buildings not only help in developments and give accommodation to a huge number of people it gives employment opportunities during the construction of the b uilding. (Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design) Disadvantages of Tall Buildings With advantages tall buildings have many disadvantages, the disadvantages include the existence of too many occupied floors on top of each other means a big concentration of occupants, personal and business property.Which result in a huge possible fuel weight of the building? The disadvantages that it has to face in case of accidental fire is the likelihood of a great uncontrolled fire rising presents danger in tall buildings as it is a vertical structure. There will be delays in reaching the area to provide assistance for example if there will be a fire in the upper floor of the tall building it will be difficult to reach that floor and provide help.In a case of fire, it is difficult for all the occupants to leave the building by using lifts, staircases and emergency exits at once. The access of the fire department can be limited from both outside and inside the building. High rise buildings ha ve natural forces that affect on the fire and smoke movements such as wind which increase the stack effect due to the height of the building, this stack effect can move a large amount of uncontrolled heat or smoke through the building.Problems Faced By Buildings under FireThe construction of tall buildings is much more important than before, as design safety is becoming paramount to avoid the unacceptable loss of lives and the collapse of buildings. Therefore, the construction of tall buildings needs a better approach, combining better design and technological solutions. These solutions should be designed to avoid the collapse of tall buildings, when the supports for one floor of the building fail, causing the failure of the lower floors.To address this issue, recent studies suggest that tall buildings should include a ‘collapse’ floor every 10 storeys, this floor will be able to carry the weight of the floors on top. Modern buildings are at risk to fire because of the steel structural material that looses half its strength at 6000C, which can be easily reached when a building burns. To prevent this, we need to design strong and non-brittle buildings in order to absorb the shock without fracturing the structure of the building. . (Construction Technology for Tall Buildings)Design Plan and Safety Precautions for Fire SafetyThere are many fire life safety systems and equipments that can be used in order to make sure that the building is safe to use and that occupants can be evacuated safely and quickly, and that the right measures are taking at the right time. In order to understand what is required for a typical high rise building it is advised to review the laws, codes and regulations. The construction of skyscrapers necessitates more detailed planning to prevent errors from occurring in the lifecycle of it.Since September 11th 2001 in New York, design teams are more conscious about the health and safety of the community. Buildings are growing tal ler to supply the demand for more space. It is evident that stairs provided in tall buildings as a means of escape are not sufficient. Consequently, there is a need for alternative means of escape from tall buildings in case of a fire. Architects and engineers must provide better solutions when designing tall buildings, as recent event such as 9/11 revealed that existing safety measures are inadequate.For instance, major consideration should be given to how long it takes to get everyone out of a building on case of a fire, taking in consideration that the public cannot, in general, use lifts. . (Construction Technology for Tall Buildings) The planning of tall buildings is an essential procedure, particularly where the environment has old historic buildings. The process become so difficult in this case, and its not just to do with height, it is more to do with the difficulty of integration between the two different types.Consequently, it is important to ensure that the building will have a nice effect on the environment and produce a relaxing surrounding. (Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design) Tall buildings are difficult to build, not just for the safety issues, but also the required services such as elevators, plumbing, wiring, stairs, air-conditioning ducts. In addition to greater beams and columns, buildings require more elevators than short buildings. So, the construction of tall buildings makes business sense but necessitates huge architectural and engineering efforts.(Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design) The design and construction of future high-rise towers requires wide knowledge of good architectural principles; strong floor plates; Complex structural life-safety and building systems that have to be followed correctly. Key to this is through a well planned and better informed design process. According to the Triz journal Toru Nakagawa Staircases must be designed and built not just to be suitable, comfortable, and securely guarded fo r daily use, but also secure as emergency escaping ways in situations such as fire.They should be designed in a way to prevent the chimney effects as well as flame, smoke, and toxic gases when fire occurs. Moreover, the staircase should be a kind of ‘Internal Staircase' and of a ‘Separated' type of ‘Internal Staircase’; to avoid the rising of fire and to keep it as an escaping. In addition, the windows of the staircase should be opened widely in case of fire; these windows can be used as the entrance for rescuing activities. These windows should open remotely at the control centre of the tall building.According to the Ingenta connect by J. Y. Richard Liew â€Å"Design codes for fire safety in buildings can be either a prescriptive type or performance-based type. It is recognized that performance-based codes provide greater advantages over the prescriptive codes which allow designers to use the fire engineering methods to assess the fire safety of the struct ure. However, as the assessment of the whole structure performance is not easy, most codes currently used are still prescriptive codes or a combination of prescriptive codes and performance-based codes.The key feature for implementing the performance-based fire design codes is the assessment of the fire resistance of the structure†. (Liew, 2004) According to Will Pank, Maunsell Ltd Herbert Girardet, Urban Futures Greg Cox, Oscar Faber Ltd in practice, The Corporation of London,† Individual tall buildings are analysed in relation to their design to develop a rationale for fire engineering. The proposed fire solutions or requirements of the intent of the regulations. The main consideration is:The adequacy of means to prevent fire.Early fire warning by an automatic detection and warning system.The standard of means of escape.Provision of smoke control.Control of the rate of growth of a fire.The adequacy of the structure to resist the effects of a fire.The degree of fire con tainment.Fire separation between buildings or parts of buildings.The standard of active measures for fire extinguishment or control.Facilities to assist the fire service.Availability of powers to require staff training in fire safety and fire routines such as registration or licensing procedures.Evacuation ProcessWhen the raising of a fire alarm is occurred, the main entrance should receive the elevators according to the European evacuation plans. During an emergency, only stairs should be allowed for the evacuation purpose. Furthermore, the stairs may not be an efficient way of evacuation, especially for elderly and disabled persons. In this regard, three phases can be created from the time of an emergency until an area of safety is reached by all the people. In this regard, recognition time, reaction time, and egress time are the abovementioned three phases of an emergency.When the building has not been egress by the people, the time has been referred as the pre-movement time. The signs of danger influence the length of this period. In addition, type of the building, as well as, alarms are some other factors that influence the pre-movement time of an emergency. For instance, long pre-movement time might be observed during the night time in an apartment building. Three times longer, as compared with the actual movement time has been considered for the determination of pre-movement time according to a number of studies.After the recognition time, awareness of the emergency is attained by the occupants. Before the giving of fire alarms, one of the most critical parts of the emergency has been considered the recognition time. Information about the situation, as well as, source of the emergency is required by the people during the reaction time. The reaction time is often affected by the training for emergencies. Until the area of safety has not been reached by everyone, people move out of the building during the actual movement phase of an emergency.Determinatio n of the egress time has been concentrated by the evacuation studies due to the availability of its theoretical estimates. In this regard, figure 2 has illustrated the building filling, as well as, evacuation times with relation to the different up-peak handling capacities. For instance, thirty-three minutes was the building filling time, as the up-peak handling capacity was fifteen percent. At this stage, nineteen to twenty-two minutes was the average egress time. (Siikonen and Hakonen, 2003)

Black Panthers Party Essay

The American dream can just be a simple dream to many Americans particularly for the whites who are employed in some refutable companies. But this is not the case for the African-American. The American dream was simply to own a house and a little plot of land and a clean and descent place to live. Simple as it may sound but the great majority of the African Americans were excluded from that dream. During the period in which Frederick Douglas lived, the condition of the blacks were â€Å"dehumanizing† (Hubbard, 2007, p. 86) and Douglas himself experienced this dehumanizing condition as slave in the American South from his birth in 1818 to his escape from the North in 1838 . Up to the early 1900s men such as Riis and Du Bois signify upon the rising social consciousness of whites and blacks in America â€Å"as they focused on the dispossessed classes of American (Hubbard, p. 90). From these, it appears that the main theme of American dream during this period was not simply to own a house and a parcel of land but it also include the social conditions between the blacks and whites. It means of the dehumanizing conditions of the black because of the social discriminations. Both Douglas and Du Bois fought for the abolition of slavery. According to Joseph M. Flora, Lucinda Hardwick Mackethan, and Todd W. Taylor (2002) stated that in his 1845 narrative that â€Å"every tone was a testimony against slavery† (p. 19). The main themes of the American dream have to do with integration of the black American into the society with out discrimination for their being colored people, and the recognition of the blacks as fellow human being in terms of social and economic factors. In fact, this was the very agenda of notable black leaders such as Du Bois, and Douglas. ThePanthers movement in the 1960s was also aimed at drawing public attention as to the social and economic condition of the black community. Charles Earl Jones (1998) noted, â€Å"In the heart of Black communities with Black Panthers Party (BPP) affiliates, Panthers implemented numerous survival programs that fed, clothed, and provided medical services to community residents† (p. 1). However, the Panther was viewed by the authorities as outlawed paramilitary organization. Has the dream become more accessible since the time of those writers? Obviously not during their time! The existence of the Panther in the 1960s up to the eighties was a clear indication that the American dream of the early writers such as Douglas and Du Bois was never attained. As a matter of fact, the resurgence of the Black Panther Party ideology â€Å"provides a forum for progressive politics in the Oakland Bay Area† (Jones, p. 2). The rekindling of the interest in the BPP implied the condition of the blacks to remains socially and economically depressed. But it should be noted that condition have improved considerably, since then as more and more blacks are becoming socially visible and actively involve in society’s prominent activities. What has happened since the time of writing to create the current state of the issue for this groups or individuals? There have been many developments that had taken place since the time of those black intellectuals that created the current state of the issue for this group. Notable was the founding of the BPP which was a radical political party that was supposed to attract public attention to promote awareness about the condition of the black community. However, the party became outlawed and was relegated to radical paramilitary organization. Another important development was the change in social atmosphere for the black community as they can now actively engage in social and political activity. Black Individuals like Barack Obama, Oprah Winprey and famous sports personalities such Kobi Bryant, Michael Jordan and other black basketball players and those in other sports indicate that blacks finally gaining acceptance and recognition thereby achieving American dream. Reference Flora, M. J. MacKethan L. H. & Taylor, T. (2002) The Companion to Southern Literature USA: LSU Press Hubbard, D. (2007) The Souls of Black Folk USA: University of Missouri Press Jones, C. (1998) The Black Panther Party (reconsidered): Reflections and Scholarship. USA: Black Classic Press.

Medical Marijuana essays

Medical Marijuana essays Marijuana is a drug that has been in the media for years. There is a constant debate about if it should be used medically. The world is afraid of what they do not know about marijuana; for years weve been told, say nope to dope. While marijuana can help for medical purposes it can also be of great danger. This is not true however, if it is used correctly. Historically, marijuana has been used to treat a multitude of illnesses such as AIDS, glaucoma, cancer, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and chronic pain. Currently, the treatment that is promoted most is the use of marijuana for its ability to control nausea in cancer and AIDS patients. In 1986, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the drug in a pill form, which contained THC, a major component for the treatment of nausea from cancer chemotherapy. It has been determined that the pill, which is called Marinol, acts differently than marijuana that has been smoked and is not effective. Marijuana also has been found to be useful in the treatment of arthritis. Aspirin, commonly used for arthritis pain is believed to have caused more than 1000 deaths in the US annually. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are also routinely used for arthritis treatment, have caused more than 7,600 deaths and 70,000 hospitalizations. Even with the numerous deaths these drugs are still used to treat patients everyday. Marijuana, however, can be smoked several times a day without harming the body as Aspirin would. Also, there are no reports of death from the use of marijuana. Still there are long-term effects from marijuana that can put many people at risk. For example, smoking marijuana is even more damaging to the lungs than tobacco smoking is. Marijuana smoke as 50-70 percent more carcinogens than tobacco smoke does. Marijuana smokers can be found to have more microscopic damage to the lungs defense against inhaled contaminants and microbes, an ...

The Celsus Library essays

The Celsus Library essays The construction of the Celsus Library was ordered by Council Julius Aquila in the name of his father Julius Celsus Palemaeanus. It was built in 110 A.D. The Celsus Library is one of the most spectacular buildings in Ephesus. The tomb of Julius Celsus Palemaeanus can be found in a special-made room on the ground floor. On the outside it has two floors, and in the inside it has only one 15 m. Salon. Light comes in through the windows scattered on the walls and the three floored galleries. The entry to the library was through the 9 step stone stairs from the Currettes Road and reaching to the podium which was base to the four double Corinthian columns supporting the building. These columns stand on square shaped pedestals. Right behind the columns after a narrow walk-way there were three gates. The middle one is wider and higher than the others. The decoration of the front totally reflects the Roman architectural style and is the most beautiful examples of its time. The four woman statues found between the columns of the front symbolize the elements of Mind, Fate, Knowledge and Virtue. The originals of these statues are found in the Vienna Museum today. The parsomen book rolls used to be protected from the humidity with shelves closed by brick on both sides. This library brought up counted scien tists and philosophers of the world in its time. The front of library has greatly attained its old appearance with the restorations of the past years. The interior of the library, measuring 10.92m by 16.72m, is lined with decorative marble. The section of the west wall over Celsus' remains is aspidal. A statue of Celsus, or of his son, was found during excavation and is still on exhibition in Istanbul at the Archeology Museum and was thought to have rested in this niche. On the walls were niches for the scrolls of the library ...

Seven Facts About the Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Seven Facts About the Lincoln-Douglas Debates The Lincoln-Douglas Debates,  a series of seven public confrontations between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, took place in the summer and fall of 1858. They became legendary, and the popular conception of what happened tends to veer toward the mythical. In the modern political commentary, pundits often express a wish that current candidates could do Lincoln-Douglas Debates. Those meetings between candidates 160 years ago somehow represent the pinnacle of civility and an elevated example of lofty political thought. The reality of the Lincoln-Douglas debates was different than what most people believe. And here are seven factual things you should know about them: 1. They Were Not Really Debates Its true that the Lincoln-Douglas Debates are always cited as classic examples of, well, debates. Yet they were not debates in the way we think of the political debate in modern times. In the format Stephen Douglas demanded, and Lincoln agreed to, one man would speak for an hour. Then the other would speak in rebuttal for an hour and a half, and then the first man would have a half-hour to respond to the rebuttal. In other words, the audience was treated to lengthy monologues, with the entire presentation stretching out to three hours. There was no moderator asking questions, and no give-and-take or fast reactions like weve come to expect in modern political debates. True, it wasnt gotcha politics, but it also wasnt something that would work in todays world. 2. They Got Crude, With Personal Insults and Racial Slurs Though the Lincoln-Douglas Debates are often cited as a high point of civility in politics, the actual content was often pretty rough. In part, this was because the debates were rooted in the frontier tradition of the stump speech. Candidates, sometimes literally standing on a stump, would engage in freewheeling and entertaining speeches that would often contain jokes and insults. Its worth noting that some of the content of the Lincoln-Douglas Debates would likely be considered too offensive for a network television audience today. Besides both men insulting each other and employing extreme sarcasm, Stephen Douglas often resorted to crude race-baiting. Douglas made a point of repeatedly calling Lincolns political party the black Republicans and was not above using crude racial slurs, including the n-word. Even Lincoln, albeit uncharacteristically, used the n-word twice in the first debate, according to a transcript published in 1994 by Lincoln scholar Harold Holzer. Some versions of the debate transcripts, created at the debates by stenographers hired by two Chicago newspapers, have been sanitized over the years. 3. The Two Men Were Not Running for President Because the debates between Lincoln and Douglas are so often mentioned, and because the men did oppose each other in the election of 1860, its often assumed the debates were part of a run for the White House. They were actually running for the U.S. Senate seat already held by Stephen Douglas. The debates, because they were reported nationwide (thanks to the aforementioned newspaper stenographers) did elevate Lincolns stature. Lincoln, however, probably did not think seriously about running for president until after his speech at Cooper Union in early 1860. 4. The Debates Were Not About Ending Slavery Most of the subject matter at the debates concerned slavery in America. But the talk was not about ending it, it was about whether to prevent slavery from spreading to new states and new territories. That alone was a very contentious issue. The feeling in the North, as well as in some of the South, was that slavery would die out in time. But it was assumed it wouldnt fade away anytime soon if it kept spreading into new parts of the country. Lincoln, since the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, had been speaking out against the spread of slavery. Douglas, in the debates, exaggerated Lincolns position and portrayed him as a radical abolitionist, which he was not. The abolitionists were considered to be at the very extreme of American politics, and Lincolns anti-slavery views were more moderate. 5. Lincoln Was the Upstart, Douglas the Political Powerhouse Lincoln, who had been offended by Douglass position on slavery and its spread into western territories, began dogging the powerful senator from Illinois in the mid-1850s. When Douglas would speak in public, Lincoln would often appear on the scene and offer a rebuttal speech. When Lincoln received the Republican nomination to run for the Illinois senate seat in the spring of 1858, he realized that showing up at Douglas speeches and challenging him would probably not work well as a political strategy. Lincoln challenged Douglas to the series of debates, and Douglas accepted the challenge. In return, Douglas dictated the format, and Lincoln agreed to it. Douglas, a political star, traveled the state of Illinois in grand style in a private railroad car. Lincolns travel arrangements were much more modest. He rode in passenger cars with other travelers. 6. Huge Crowds Viewed the Debates In the 19th century, political events often had a circus-like atmosphere and the Lincoln-Douglas debates certainly had a festival air about them. Huge crowds, up to 15,000 or more spectators, gathered for some of the debates. However, while the seven debates drew crowds, the two candidates also traveled the state of Illinois for months, giving speeches on courthouse steps, in parks, and in other public venues. So its likely that more voters saw Douglas and Lincoln at their separate speaking stops than would have seen them engaging in the famous debates. As the Lincoln-Douglas Debates received so much coverage in newspapers in major cities in the East, its possible the debates had the greatest influence on public opinion outside of Illinois. 7. Lincoln Lost Its often assumed that Lincoln became president after beating Douglas in their series of debates. But in the election depending on their series of debates, Lincoln lost. In a complicated twist, the large and attentive audiences watching the debates were not even voting on the candidates, at least not directly.   At that time, U.S. Senators were not chosen by direct election, but in elections held by state legislatures. This situation would not change until the ratification of the 17th Amendment to the Constitution in 1913. So the election in Illinois wasnt really for Lincoln or for Douglas. Voters were voting on candidates for the statehouse who, in turn, would then vote for the man who would represent Illinois in the U.S. Senate. The voters went to the polls in Illinois on November 2, 1858. When the votes were tallied, the news was bad for Lincoln. The new legislature would be controlled by the party of Douglas. The Democrats ended the day with 54 seats in the statehouse, the Republicans (Lincolns party), 46. Stephen Douglas was thus reelected to the Senate. But two years later, in the election of 1860, the two men would face each other again, along with two other candidates. And Lincoln, of course, would win the presidency. The two men appeared on the same stage again, at Lincolns first inauguration on March 4, 1861. As a prominent senator, Douglas was on the inaugural platform. When Lincoln rose to take the oath of office and deliver his inaugural address, he held his hat and awkwardly looked about for a place to put it. As a gentlemanly gesture, Stephen Douglas reached out and took Lincolns hat and held it during the speech. Three months later, Douglas, who had taken ill and may have suffered a stroke, died. While the career of Stephen Douglas overshadowed that of Lincoln during most of his lifetime, he is best remembered today for the seven debates against his perennial rival in the summer and fall of 1858. Source Holzer, Harold (Editor). The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The First Complete, Unexpurgated Text. 1st Editon, Fordham University Press, March 23, 2004.

Marketing journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Marketing journal - Essay Example Normally surveys are conducted demographically to determine various segments of buyers according to age, sex, education, location and other factors. However this kind of division fails to highlight the motivation of the consumer and often marketing based on such results is disappointing. A good method of measuring this has been devised by SRIC-BI who has conducted psychological survey of thousands of consumers from every walk of life during 1987-92. They call it VALS. This survey attempts to analyze the inherent instincts or psychological traits of the consumer that have developed over his/her experiences and knowledge and have become the drivers of purchase decisions. This has provided an insight about why we buy. I undertook this seemingly incongruous survey that seemed simple and somewhat inconsequential. However the results highlighted my attitude and aptitude and I must admit that it was able to capture the essence of my personality. The survey categorized me into the segment called Thinkers. Under VALS terminology the three segmentations of consumers are determined by their motivation. These are Innovators, Thinkers and Survivors. The descriptions are indicative of their capabilities; the innovators are daring and will be easily induced to trying new products and experimenting with the unknown; the thinkers are conservatives but willing to try new products within the existing parameters of their attitudes and aptitudes; while the survivors are those who are practical and will make decisions only according to their means. Recently I decided to buy a laptop for use in my consulting profession. My requirements were that the product had to be easily portable, that would not fail at a critical moment, should be reasonably priced and, since it was a high-tech gadget, good and prompt after sales service should be available whenever and wherever needed.

Internetworking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internetworking - Essay Example It was introduced in one of the oldest wide area network - ARPANET. It is a widely used architecture because most of the computers and networks are configured to follow this suite and it is open to all. The TCP/IP reference model is a 4 layered model. The layers from top to bottom are Application Layer, Transport Layer, Internet Layer and Host-to-Network Layer. A data in a computer is going to the network from the Application Layer to the Host-to-Network Layer through the intermediate layers. Data from the network is getting to an application in the reverse order. Application Layer consists of certain higher level protocols like TELNET (for remote login/ to get a virtual remote terminal), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Main Transfer Protocol), HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System) protocols etc. The protocols in this layer will produce messages smaller in size to become compatible with the Transport Layer for an outward data flow and join the data messages to the original data for the application in case of inward message. Transport Layer consist the protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). The reliability and the error checking of the data are managed here. This layer is responsible for the communication between two computers. ... The two versions of IP are IPv4 and IPv6.The lowest layer is the Host-to-Network Layer and this layer has the direct contact with the networking hardware. The data in this layer will be in the form of frames or byte series. Few protocols like PPP (Point to Point Protocol) are available in this layer. One of the most useful services of TCP/IP is the naming service it provides. Information sharing and exchange on an Internet work become easy and comfortable through this. The most widely used naming services are NIS (Network Information Service) and DNS (Domain Name System). NIS is used to provide information that has to be known throughout the network, to all machines on the network. There will be NIS server to keep all the information for the NIS. In case of a UNIX system, the configuration files handled by NIS are /etc/group, /etc/hosts, /etc/netmasks, /etc/passwd, /etc/protocols, /etc/rpc, and /etc/services. For setting up NIS, we have to set up both the NIS Server and NIS Clients. DNS is used for naming a host uniquely on a network, especially on the Internet. In this IP addresses of the computers or other interfaces are mapped to certain names with a typical naming strategy. Each group of similar computers is included in same domain and the domains are created in a hierarchical manner e.g. for the top level domains are .com, .net, .org etc. The details of the naming are stored in the DNS Server as resource records. There are two types of mapping files. The forward mapping file is used to convert names to its IP addresses and reverse mapping record is used to convert IP addresses to its symbolic names. Format of a resource record entry is as follows. Name (variable length) type(16bits) class(16bits) ttl(32bits) data For DNS configuration in a UNIX system, we

Annotated Bibliography on the Use of Nuclear Weapons during WWII Assignment

Annotated Bibliography on the Use of Nuclear Weapons during WWII - Assignment Example Most of primary sources date back to the time when historical events happened. During world war two in 1945, the United States of America attacked Japan with several nuclear bombs. These bombs carry the names ‘little boy’ and ‘fat man’. Primary sources on the nuclear weapons reveal a lot of information on the effects of the bombs. Laurence, William. â€Å"NAGASAKI WAS THE CLIMAX OF THE NEW MEXICO TEST,† LIFE Vol.19 (13) (1945). 30-31. The ‘LIFE’ magazine acts as a good primary source sine it was one of the magazines reporting on the happenings of the world war in 1945. The September 24, 1945 issue had a cover photo of military men in war. This photo gave the reader an insight on the then ongoing war. That was the second war that brought about the nuclear weapons. Laurence William authored the article, â€Å"NAGASAKI WAS THE CLIMAX OF THE NEW MEXICO TEST†. The author had the mandate of making official reporting on all proceedings of the trials and release of the atomic bombs and provides firsthand information of the release â€Å"Fat man’. Since he was among the crew of people dropping the bomb on Nagasaki, his article becomes very dependable. He expresses the thrill of the crew because they had every hope that the bombing of Nagasaki would be the end of the Second World War. He then elaborates the explosion of the radioactive bomb, giving details, of the effects on the city and land. He describes the resulting crater, the flashing of the atomic light, the uprising of dust-like fire that he calls a new living thing. The article captures the attention of the reader because it has an illustration of the real damage on the ground. It paints a picture of the massive impact of atomic power. He must have written the article to narrate the experience to the United States audience. This bomb marked the end of the Second World War and a clear description of the exact bombing mission was of great interest to the American public. The article paints a picture of the atomic explosion that marked the end of the war but remains in history for its effects. Marshak, R. E., Nelson, E. C. and Schiff, L. I. â€Å"Atomic Bomb Damage-Japan and USA,†Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 1 (10) (1946). 6. The bulletin of atomic scientists is another valuable primary source that contains articles on the breakthroughs in atomic science. The May 1, 1946 issue elaborated the potential of the atomic bomb. Marshak, Nelson, and Schiff describe the destructive causes of the atomic bomb. The authors give details of how the blast, heat, gamma rays, and byproducts on the ground cause destruction. According to the authors, the blast causes collapse of buildings while the heat or fire can result to burns. In addition, the gamma rays cause devastating effects to the people and to objects on the ground. The Bulletin of the atomic scientists aims at updating the public on development in nuclear weapon developm ent and this is the reason why the authors elaborate their facts in understandable terms. Cate, James, United States Air Force , Air Historical Group, United States, USAF Historical Division, Officer of Air force History. The Army Air Forces in World War II: Plans and early operations, January 1939 to August 1942, (Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing, 1948), 1-7. This is a book written by Cate James and different offices of the United States

Policy Writing Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Policy Writing 1 - Assignment Example 3. Definitions 3.1 â€Å"Discrimination occurs when someone, or a group of people, is treated less favourably than another person or group because of their race, colour, national or ethnic origin; sex, pregnancy or marital status; age; disability; religion; sexual preference; trade union activity; or some other characteristic specified under anti-discrimination or human rights legislation. Workplace discrimination can occur in the recruitment and selection; terms, conditions and benefits, provision of training; and selection for transfer, promotion, retrenchment or dismissal† (AHRC, 2011). 3.2 â€Å"Harassment occurs when someone is made to feel intimidated, insulted or humiliated because of their race, colour, national or ethnic origin; sex, pregnancy or marital status; age; disability; religion; sexual preference; trade union activity; or some other characteristic specified under anti-discrimination or human rights legislation. It can also happen if someone is working in a ‘hostile’ or intimidating environment. Harassment can include telling insulting jokes or derogatory comments about someone’s race or religion; sending explicit or sexually suggestive emails; displaying offensive or pornographic posters; or asking intrusive questions about someone’s personal life, including their sex life† (AHRC, 2011). ... ing employees; psychological harassment or intimidation; assigning meaningless tasks unrelated to the job or even impossible jobs; deliberately changing work rosters to inconvenience particular employees; or undermining work performance by deliberately withholding information vital for effective work performance† (AHRC, 2011). 3.4 â€Å"Racial and Religious Vilification occur where a person engages in conduct that incites hatred, serious contempt, revulsion or severe ridicule against another person or group of people, because of their race or religious belief or activity† (UB, 2010, p.2). 4. Policy Statement This organisation is committed to valuing diversity, thus achieving trust and confident of the community by not tolerating discrimination, harassment, bullying or racial or religious vilification. Unacceptable behaviour jeopardises the harmonious, safe, positive and productive environment possibly affecting the physical and mental health of an individual. The reputat ion of not only the individual but also the organisation or employer as a whole will be ruined (AS, 2010, p.9). Reporting of unacceptable behaviour is strongly encouraged for appropriate action against breaches of this Policy. 5. Responsibility 5.1 Employee or individual responsibility: Employees and executive members are to behave ethically and professionally, whilst being responsible for their own behaviour (AS, 2010, p.7) An individual is liable for causing, instruction, inducing, aiding or permitting another to perform a discriminatory or unacceptable behaviour and may be subjected to disciplinary and/or legal action (TRSA, 2011, p.6) Employees to maintain confidentiality not participate in rumours, as this is an act of defamation and they may face action (AS, 2010, p.28). 5.2 Employer’s

Interactive Listening Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interactive Listening - Research Paper Example This means that the listener should make sure that the speaker speaks at a speed that could not hinder his understanding. He should also ensure that the speaker uses understandable explanations and makes repetition when necessary. According to Stitt (2004), the three major techniques for effective interactive listening are paraphrasing, acknowledging emotions, and asking clarifying questions. Paraphrasing is trying to state the content spoken by the speaker in one’s own words. When the ideas spoken by the speaker are paraphrased, the listener tries to understand them in his own context. This would promote understanding and alertness of the listener. The interactive listening technique of acknowledging emotions involves use of actions like nodding by the listener to show whether he understands or not. This technique could be very appropriate especially to shy listeners who are unable to react verbally to ideas spoken by the speaker. The other interactive listening technique involves asking the speaker to clarify his ideas if you do not understand them. This technique gives the listener a chance to react verbally to what he is hearing, which can promote his understanding of the ideas spoken by the speake r. This week, we have learned several ideas that can help promote a communication as well as enhancing communication abilities. Among the ideas, the one that I did not know before is the idea of accommodating cultural differences in a communication. As Samovar, Porter & McDaniel (2009, p. 353) state, â€Å"communication competence requires more than just opening the door for listener-speaker dialogue.† This is because communication takes place in culturally diverse settings. Individuals in such settings have several cultural differences that result to factors that could hinder communication. However, if the cultural differences are accommodated, then the factors

Policy Writing Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Policy Writing 1 - Assignment Example 3. Definitions 3.1 â€Å"Discrimination occurs when someone, or a group of people, is treated less favourably than another person or group because of their race, colour, national or ethnic origin; sex, pregnancy or marital status; age; disability; religion; sexual preference; trade union activity; or some other characteristic specified under anti-discrimination or human rights legislation. Workplace discrimination can occur in the recruitment and selection; terms, conditions and benefits, provision of training; and selection for transfer, promotion, retrenchment or dismissal† (AHRC, 2011). 3.2 â€Å"Harassment occurs when someone is made to feel intimidated, insulted or humiliated because of their race, colour, national or ethnic origin; sex, pregnancy or marital status; age; disability; religion; sexual preference; trade union activity; or some other characteristic specified under anti-discrimination or human rights legislation. It can also happen if someone is working in a ‘hostile’ or intimidating environment. Harassment can include telling insulting jokes or derogatory comments about someone’s race or religion; sending explicit or sexually suggestive emails; displaying offensive or pornographic posters; or asking intrusive questions about someone’s personal life, including their sex life† (AHRC, 2011). ... ing employees; psychological harassment or intimidation; assigning meaningless tasks unrelated to the job or even impossible jobs; deliberately changing work rosters to inconvenience particular employees; or undermining work performance by deliberately withholding information vital for effective work performance† (AHRC, 2011). 3.4 â€Å"Racial and Religious Vilification occur where a person engages in conduct that incites hatred, serious contempt, revulsion or severe ridicule against another person or group of people, because of their race or religious belief or activity† (UB, 2010, p.2). 4. Policy Statement This organisation is committed to valuing diversity, thus achieving trust and confident of the community by not tolerating discrimination, harassment, bullying or racial or religious vilification. Unacceptable behaviour jeopardises the harmonious, safe, positive and productive environment possibly affecting the physical and mental health of an individual. The reputat ion of not only the individual but also the organisation or employer as a whole will be ruined (AS, 2010, p.9). Reporting of unacceptable behaviour is strongly encouraged for appropriate action against breaches of this Policy. 5. Responsibility 5.1 Employee or individual responsibility: Employees and executive members are to behave ethically and professionally, whilst being responsible for their own behaviour (AS, 2010, p.7) An individual is liable for causing, instruction, inducing, aiding or permitting another to perform a discriminatory or unacceptable behaviour and may be subjected to disciplinary and/or legal action (TRSA, 2011, p.6) Employees to maintain confidentiality not participate in rumours, as this is an act of defamation and they may face action (AS, 2010, p.28). 5.2 Employer’s

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen - Essay Example ("Pride and Prejudice." 123HelpMe.com. 27 Feb 2009). Jane Austin received her formal education from her father. Her novels were initially published secretly. She never got a chance to live in south of England and had no connections with the literary community of London. Even though her work received optimistic reviews, she was not a famous novelist during her lifetime. The essay is an attempt to bring out the characters of the novel and to analyse them in the light of humour and satire which make up the novel. The opening lines in the novel, "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife." Pride and Prejudice, ch.1 (1813), is a statement which is true to this day. This statement brings out the intelligence of Austen as an author. She has asserted that the subject of the novel will be courtship and marriage and she has based the hilarious tone of the novel with a simple subject to work out and to speak sharply of. She has geared up the reader to guess whether it is a husband in search of a wife, or a woman in pursuit of a husband. Austen's authority of delicate prejudice and shrewd wisdom is exposed in Pride and Prejudice; she is able to express such a multifaceted message using a simple, but witty style. (http://www.online-literature.com/austen/prideprejudice/) The theme of the story is fundamentally an assessment of the obstructions which an eligible female encounters when she is on the look out for a prospective husband. Jane Austen reveals her mind through the immortal character of Elizabeth Bennet, who is the central character of the novel. Therefore with a reference to the term personality, there is a belief that Austen more or less resembles Elizabeth Bennet. This novel ends on a happy note. The novel emphasizes the point that pride and prejudice can be overcome. "Hence, nothing in Austin's novel is pointless or distracting from the main theme--pride and prejudice." ("Pride and Prejudice." 123HelpMe.com. 27 Feb 2009). Character analysis: Elizabeth Bennet, the second daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet is the most striking character especially with her freely displayed wit and independent thinking and she is never attractive to readers but when she asserts herself against the arrogant Lady Catherine she raises a question of identity in the minds of the readers. She does everything with a pinch of thoughtfulness and simplicity especially when she refuses to reveal her age when it is demanded or even when she argues that younger sisters need not wait until their older sisters are married. (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/pride/canalysis.html) Elizabeth is always in conflict with the noble Mr. Darcy, and both incorrectly perceive each other because of their pride and its ensuing prejudice. The novel is in fact is about the challenges of the heart and at the same it pertains to the ways in which one can be educated. Darcy at first cannot visualize that there is anyone who deserves his attention in the constricted, simple world in which he detects himself. On the other hand Elizabeth is able to look only at his vanity and arrogance and is offended by his superior airs. Elizabeth and Darcy fight through their wits and of the society, till such time when Darcy's marriage proposal surprises Elizabeth. She rejects Darcy's offer and this

Pride and Prejudice, Tea in the Wendy House, and He said Essay Example for Free

Pride and Prejudice, Tea in the Wendy House, and He said Essay Pride and Prejudice is a novel of love and marriage and how people have prejudices about love. Pride is involved as it blurs the seeing of true love. Jane Austen displays this as she was part of society and she had first-hand experience of this. In Tea in the Wendy House and He Said, there is an visible change in the role of society and attitudes to love and marriage. This is because of the different times each novel was written. Jane Austen does not make the subject of marriage favourable, as she never writes about a completely happy marriage. For example Mr and Mrs Bennets relationship, this is not an example of a good marriage as Mr Bennet is always taunting Mrs Bennet. Or you may send them by themselves, will be better, for you are as handsome of any of them. Here Mr Bennet is ridiculing Mrs Bennet by saying she should go and visit Mr Darcy as she may end up marrying him, as she is just as beautiful. This was one of Austens intentions to show that the society she lived in was superficial. Another example of a bad marriage is of Charlotte Lucas and Mr Collins. Charlotte is only marrying Mr Collins, as it is her last resort because she is seen as a spinster at the age of 27. Usually girls are married off at young ages, as it is their only ambition. This is shown in Pride and Prejudice, but in Tea in the Wendy House, even though Lyn has an opportunity of marriage she is not happy. She feels pressured into marrying Graham and doesnt have the chance to vent her true feelings properly. She feels she is also trapping Graham into marrying her and becoming a father. I didnt say anything, because Graham was so enthusiastic. She is worried about other peoples feelings and hers but does not get the chance to show them. Whereas in He Said there is no chance of Bev getting married to Errol, as he is too irresponsible. This is an example of the way society has changed drastically. In Pride and Prejudice it was expected for girls to get married straight away and the most important thing in their life. In Tea in the Wendy House there was some expectation but not as much. In He Said society has changed so much that Errol does not think he needs to propose to Bev, even though she is pregnant. This also shows the attitudes to sex before marriage. As Austen shows more bad marriages than good, there were a few happy marriages, as they contain an equality of character traits between the couple. Elizabeth was too prejudiced to realise her true feelings and Mr Darcy was too proud. Even though she does finally realise Darcys good qualities. She began to comprehend that he was exactly the man, in disposition and talents, would suit her. This is the opposite in He Said, as Bev finally realises that she is stronger than Errol, and how she can cope without him. I dont care if I never see him again. In Jane Austens novels the valuable marriage is usually because of chance. If Elizabeth did not read Darcys letter and witness the elopement of Lydia and Wickham, she would have realised how much she values him. This is the opposite in Tea and the Wendy House as Graham and Lyn had known each other since their teens and so had got to know each other better. I was fourteen and Graham was fifteen. As Errol and Bevs relationship in He Said is just based on sex and so there was no previous acknowledgement of character traits. Intervention played its part in the prevention of Darcy and Elizabeth getting married. Elizabeths prejudices intervene and prevent the marriage at first. This does not happen to the main character of Tea in the Wendy House but there is some intervention from Lyns parents. In Pride and Prejudice Elizabeths mum is always pushing her to get the best man she can. She is very bossy and likes to get what she wants. In Tea and the Wendy House it is also Lyns mother that has an intervening nature as she is making the wedding dress. She was busy, giving final touches to the dress. There is a difference in He Said, as her parents do not intervene. Although her father does not want to get involved with her situation, he feels no way in abandoning her when she needs them most. As her father is a minister of a church, he has strict religious beliefs but as he does not want to help he comes across as a bully. If that harlot crosses my doorstep, I will strike her down. Then he had gone to church. This contradicts his religious views. Status is another problem in the prevention of the marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth. Elizabeths astonishment was beyond expression. She stared coloured doubted and was silent. This he considered enough encouragement. Darcy thought that Elizabeth would have said yes when he first proposed, as she may never get a better offer as that one as he is much higher in status than she was. Darcy has a lot more money than the Bennets. In this time it was seen as better if you could marry a man with a large house and very good income. This was so he could provide for his wife when she had children but also to show-off to others. In He Said money is still important to Bev as she is by herself without a husband, so she has to fend for herself. She is struggling and in a poor job. She has not got the financial support from her parents like Lyn in Tea in the Wendy House. Bevs prospects are limited because of lack of money and there is a slight suggestion that this will not change much. There is a sim ilarity between pride and prejudice and Tea in the Wendy House. This is because Lyn and Elizabeth both have some financial support from their parents, although it was not the most important thing in Tea in the Wendy House. Lyns mother puts it across as a bonus to the marriage, but having a good job is quite important. And hes got a job, and course theres the house. You really struck gold there. Mr Collins also demonstrates the status prevention, as he expects her to say yes but it comes across as quite pompous. I am to inherit this estate after the death of your father. He is openly stating that he will own Elizabeths house, as if it was nothing. In the actual proposal of Mr Collins to Elizabeth it was quite formal as he asked permission, which was expected in those times. This differs in the proposal of Graham to Lyn. He seemed embarrassed, it was not very formal but still had the decency to propose. I told you it was corny, but will you, will you marry me? There is no proposal in He Said. Errol obviously does not believe he needs to propose; not formal or gentleman-like. Judgement plays quite a big part of pride and prejudice, as it was a very judgmental society. People are always being judged. Elizabeth prides herself on good understanding of what people are like generally. The extravagance and general profligacy which he scripted exceedingly shocked her. This shows how she was wrong about Mr Wickham and Darcy made her realise this in the letter he wrote to her after he proposed. Good judgement is being to see past deception, pride arrogance and hypocrisy. She tried to recollect some instance of goodness, some distinguished trait of integrity. This shows Elizabeth frantically trying to have some recollection that Mr Wickham was not deceptive and devious. Like Mr Darcy explained in the letter. This is a bad judgement that Elizabeth has made, just like the bad judgement of Errol by Bev. She thought he was going to stand by her throughout the pregnancy, but he does not. I dont want anything to come between usnow he would not speak to her. This shows how shallow and unreliable Errol is. Although she knows Errol is not going to face up to his consequences, it does not stop her from fantasizing about the way she would like things to be between her and Errol. Imagining Errol holding her tightly, perhaps his voice breaking with emotion. Elizabeths first meeting with Mr Wickham compared to her first meeting with Mr Darcy it was not surprised she preferred Mr Wickham. This made her very shocked at the proposal from Mr Darcy. This pitfall almost brings Elizabeth to lose her future husband, although she does come to terms with her mistakes and corrects them. How despicably I have acted, I who have prided myself on my discernment and gratified my vanity, pleased with the preference of one and offended by the neglect of another. This reveals that Elizabeth has recognised her mistakes and how she has treated both men. Darcy has also overcome his arrogance and pride. Austen believes that a happy marriage is built on good judgement and so introduces a genuine perception. So they see each other for who they really are. Tea in the Wendy House, Lyns perception of Graham was not clear, she was not being clear about her feelings. The writer used the Wendy House as symbolism to show that however perfect something seems, it may not make you happy. Although at the end with the last Wendy House reference, you are left wondering if Lyn will ever be happy, but also there is no mention of Graham being with her, in this ideal world. The bright blue walls seem to be closing in around her, the ceiling is coming nearer and nearer. She is a mummy. It doesnt matter that she cant get out. It is making her conform to the stereotypes of typical women. Bev in He Said has made a journey of self-knowledge, from hating Errol for not standing by her to realising she can cope without him, and go along with the pregnancy by herself. From the pressures of society, the doctor telling her it would be best to get an abortion, her father throwing her out, living in a gritty flat and working in a dead end job. Bev has made a miraculous journey from where she was, to feeling confident of having the baby by herself. Elizabeth goes against her time by refusing two marriage proposals, and marrying for true love. In her society a sexual relationship before marriage was seen as unacceptable and shame would be brought onto the family. This is a contrast between our time and Jane Austens time. Lyn is pregnant before she is getting married, this is also the case in He Said apart from Bev is not getting married, and so has to cope on her own. This indicates the age and time Elizabeth lived in. Wickham was this type of person who would deceive women into thinking he loves them but then leaves them. This is what he did with Lydia Bennet. This was not the first he tried; he also tried with Darcys younger sister. He gambles and lives loosely and does not give a second thought to his sexual immoralities. Sex before marriage is seen as the main corrupt. Wickhams character is similar to that of Errol. He does not give a second thought to the consequences of his action. With the faint smell of urine around her realising that probably some man had walked away from relieving himself without a backward thought about the results. Just like Errol. Lydias relationship with Wickham has effected her reputation because of the elopement. Wickhams love for Lydia is not true. This is the opposite with Lyn and Grahams relationship. Graham is truly in love with Lyn, but it is Lyn that has the insecurities and does not feel true love. There is no one in the Wendy house except Lyn. Mandy isnt there. Graham isnt there. This shows how maybe in the end she will be by herself without no one. In Elizabeths time courtship between two people would not have lasted quite long, so Wickham and Lydia were not truly in love, it was most probably infatuation. His belief that Wickham never intended to go there or to marry Lydia at all. Jane Austen was a person in this society and time, which believed marriage, was the most important thing for a young girl. This would lead to prejudices about how much money did the husband have and of what status was he. Jane Austen shows through pride and prejudice that she would not have married because it was convenient but because of love much like Elizabeth. Society has changed, as evident in He said. From wanting marriage as an ambition, to Errol not needing to propose, it does not mean the society has got any better. Society and other peoples thoughts all contribute to prevention of some marriages, even nowadays.

The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air

The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air A Jenoir management consultant is providing consultant service for strategic management of the companies. Senior management team of Ryan air details on the contracts signed with Jenoir management consulting company for get the consulting service in strategic management of the Ryan airs future. As a result of this we carried out a strategic analysis in terms of the environment, industry and also regarding the internal performance of Ryan air. The aim of this report is to provide consulting services to Ryan air for its strategic management in the future. This report will focus on: The strategic analysis of the Macro Environment taking into account the PESTEL factors which will draw out the opportunities and threats, Industry analysis using the Porters Five Forces Model and a Strategic Group Model and Internal analysis drawing out the resources and capabilities and the VRIO using the Value-Chain Model for Ryan air. Thereafter, recommendations will be given as to how Ryan air can improve which will be continued in the second part of this report. Hence, this report will show how Ryan air can perform better in the long run by identifying the key strategic issues. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Table of Contents 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 2.0 CRITICAL ISSUES 4 2.1 Company Background 4 2.2 Core Problem 5 3.0 ANALYSIS (MODELS / THEORY USED) 5 3.1 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS 5 3.1.1 PESTEL ANALSIS 5 3.1.2 Porters Diamond Model of Ryan air 6 3.2 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 6 3.2.1PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF RYAN AIR 6 3.2.2 Strategic Groups 7 3.3 INTERNAL ANALYSIS 8 3.3.1 VRIO/ VRINE of Ryan air 8 Barneys Model for Ryan Air 9 3.3.3 Ryan air Value Chain Analysis 9 4.0 EXTERNAL ENVIROMENTAL ANALYSIS 10 5.0 INTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSIS 11 5.1 Resources and capabilities 11 7.0 CONCLUSION 13 8.0 RECOMMEDATION 14 9.0 REFERENCES 15 10.0 APPENDIX 16 10.1 Appendix 1 16 10.2 Appendix 2 17 10.3 Appendix 3 18 10.4 Appendix 4 19 10.5 Appendix 5 20 10.6 Appendix 6 21 10.7 Appendix 7 22 10.8 Appendix 8 22 1.0 INTRODUCTION The present business world is highly complex, competitive and fast changing. Ryan air started in year 1985 with only 57 staff members and with one 15 seated turboprop plane from the south of east of Ireland to London Gatwick which carried 5000 passengers on one route. Ryan air was the first budget airline in Europe and also more successful low cost airline in Europe. Ryan airs competitive advantage is its ability to grow and outperform others as it is Europes first low-fares, no-frills carrier and in spite of economic instability there has been a growth in profits. (Ryan air 2006) According to Viljoen and Dann (2003)strategic management is defined as the process of identifying, choosing and implementing activities that will improve the long run performance of an organisation by setting directions and by creating on going compatibility. Currently in 2006 European air line industry facing a backdrop and the burgeoning budget sector. In order to analyse Ryan airs strategic will be focus on External, Internal environment and Industry. External environment will be analysing the factors in the macro environment which influence future industry growth and development, factors affecting current and future profitability, position of competitors and strategic groups within the industry, to gain the driving forces of the industry, dynamics and finally to understand international competitiveness. Further more this analysis focus on how Ryan air wants to create value for customers, its customer value and competitive advantage, its activity value chain, customer value the value proposition and determining the business model to deliver the value position, short term and long term focus and sustainability and methodology of analysing business strategy. In final this analysis will focuses on Ryan airs current strategic management views and how it can benefit by using strategic management theories and the means by which the organisational efficiencies of Ryan air would be improved and recommend to management team of Ryan air for improving strategy implementation. 2.0 CRITICAL ISSUES 2.1 Company Background Ryan air started in year 1985 with only 57 staff members and with one 15 seated turboprop plane from the south of east of Ireland to London Gatwick which carried 5000 passengers on one route. Ryan air was the first budget airline in Europe and also more successful low cost airline in Europe. Ryan airs competitive advantage is its ability to grow and outperform others as it is Europes first low-fares, no-frills carrier and in spite of economic instability there has been a growth in profits. In identifying the current business strategy we would be analysing the vision, mission and objectives of Ryan air. The mission of the Ryan air is to become Europe largely gainful low fare by rolling out proven low cost no frills in all markets in which we operate to the benefits of passengers, people and share holders. (Ryan air Report, 2007) Ryan airs social responsibility is providing good service to the passengers. The vision is to firmly establish itself as Europes lading low fares scheduled passenger airline through continued improvement and expanded offerings of its low fare service (Ryan air Report 2007). Ryan airs objectives are 40 percentage increase the market share within the low fare airline sector, in 2012 double the annual passenger transportation to eighty million and to quadruple Ryan airs annual profit up to 1,230 billion. 2.2 Core Problem Ryan air being one of the leading budget air lines in Europe, which is currently facing crisis. Though they were performing well during the last few years, currently European air line industry facing a backdrop and the burgeoning budget sector. Therefore it is necessary for Ryan air to consider the causes of the crisis and necessary action well on time. Due to this reason Jenoir management consultants will be analysing the external, internal and industry, whether Ryan air could over come this barrier. 3.0 ANALYSIS (MODELS / THEORY USED) 3.1 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS 3.1.1 PESTEL ANALSIS Pestle analysis is important for identify Ryan airs strategies through macro external factors. These factors are in the airline industry to understand Ryan airs future external threats and opportunities. (Refer Appendix 1) Political and Legal Security solution is the current move of government about airline industry, which will increase the cost of service. Governments can take an action if there will be any dispute in business deals from Ryan air with Airport. The Ryan air must also adapt its strategies to suit the government legislations and policies and must give more attention to the political of the country where they operate. Ryanair have been involved in various legal disputes with governments both in Ireland and the EU regarding their business deals with airports and airline regulating bodies. Economic Factors Global Economic recession in 2001-2003 had adversely affected many countries and in had collapse the financial strategies of the company. Due to the recession the income level of the people has come down due to that most people are postponing or cancelling their air travel. Socio cultural Factors After the September 11th incident in USA air travel as become a high risk in business in air line industry. More security measures are taken and the passengers are facing difficulties. This has become a huge threat to air line industry. Technological- Ryan airs website is the largest travel website in Europe and this could help them to increase e-commerce and advertising revenue. Their in flight internet gambling, satellite television and web-based check-in is an added advantage for Ryan air. Environmental Factor: The notion that the world is becoming smaller and a move towards eco friendly environment by controlling noise levels and green-house carbon emissions. 3.1.2 Porters Diamond Model of Ryan air Porters diamond model for Ryan air is stated in appendix 2 respectively. 3.2 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 3.2.1PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF RYAN AIR Bargaining Power of Supplier Ryan airs main aircraft supplier is Boeing and other one is Airbus. Switching cost will be high when change the aircraft. Fuel prices will affect Ryan airs cost directly, so they are highly dependent the fuel prices and also it is very big threat of their strongest side. Generally regional airports have little bargaining power if they are heavily dependant on one airline but day by day their bargaining power increasing because of the competition between low cost airlines. Besides of those regional airports, bigger airports have very huge bargaining power. (Refer Appendix 3) Bargaining Power of Customers Ryan air is the low cost airline for all Europe destinations and customers are especially in recession times highly price sensitive. It is very easy to change their airline and it is In this customers knowledge about the cost of service is high and there is no customer loyalty for Ryan air. Even though there is no customer loyalty, bargaining power of customers is low. Ryan air is the cheapest airline for all Europe destinations and customers are especially in recession times highly price sensitive. Threat of New Entrants There are lots of barriers to entry and it is very risk to be new in airline industry. The capital that will invest in this sector is very high. It is also hard to take a place current competition and also hard to find suitable airports for the flights. Threat of Substitutes There is not any brand loyalty of customers and Ryan air preferred customer relationship is not close relationship. If their customers find better way to travel they will not feel any hesitation to chose it. So the threat of direct and indirect substitutes is very high and the most important point is there are no switching costs for the customers. Competitive Rivalry The market is highly competitive. Most of Ryan airs cost advantages can be imitative immediately. In Europe it seems like there is an agreement between Ryan air and Easy jet about not to compete head to head. However if any company does decide to compete on the same basis as Ryan air it will be highly critical for Ryan air. 3.2.2 Strategic Groups Strategic Groups have been defined by Finlay (2000) as groups of business that are likely to respond similarly to environment changes and be similarly advantaged or disadvantaged by such changes. Porter (cited in John et al, 1997), suggests that an industry can have only one strategic group if all firms followed essentially the same strategy. At the other extreme each firm could be a different strategic group. Strategic Group Map analysis below of the European Airline industry will indicate that Ryan air has to compete with Aer Lingus and EasyJet very closely while British Airways and other national carriers are in the region. Other smaller budget airlines based across Europe such as FlyBE, German Wings and Hapag Lloyd Express also pose competition in routes which they commonly compete (Little Masters, n.d.). This diagram also shows how the Mega carriers compete within their strategic groups as opposed to the Mid-Sized carriers. Private Mega Carriers: American Airlines British Airways Mid-Sized Carriers: FlyBE German Wings Aer Lingus EasyJet Government-Owned Carriers: British Airways Bulgaria Air Government No: of Destinations High Low Ownership 3.3 INTERNAL ANALYSIS 3.3.1 VRIO/ VRINE of Ryan air VRINE MODEL The top management should be able to identify the resources available in the organisation presently in order to assess whether the resources available are sufficient enough to implement the strategies. So the outcome of the reconstruction depends on the resources available at that time. VRIO of Ryan air Value, Rarity, Imitability, Organization Ryan air values its high service performance. The airline is known for its strict observance on punctuality, high rate of flight completion, and low baggage loss. It purchased modernized fleet which leads to less expensive maintenance with uniform brands used while high aircraft utilization strengthens its business and financial sheet. The rarity of Ryan air is based primarily on its strategic positioning and management operations. Its implementation on low fares service and high level of customer service delivery made Ryan air strong and competitive compared to other firms in the same field. Other firms in the same industry hardly find their ways in imitating the same operations and strategic planning. Ryan air produced effective planning and management operations in which it leads others to imitate. Not all of the tangible and intangible resources like software, fleet designs, infrastructure, organizational culture, and knowledge management can be imitated. Causal ambiguity, time c ompression diseconomies and path dependencies are factors which affect the difficulty of other firms to imitate effective plans of successful firms like Ryan air. Barneys Model for Ryan Air The top management should be able to identify the resources available in the organisation presently in order to assess whether the resources available are sufficient enough to implement the strategies. So the outcome of the reconstruction depends on the resources available at that time. According to the Barneys model can analysis Easy Jet as Ryan airs competitor. Easy jet has enough recourse. For an example they have large number of air craft and their skytrax star rate level is high, so easy jet is valuable. Easy jet is not rare because same strategy what easy jet currently using is other competitors also using. Easy jet can easy to imitate to another company because low fare and also they have enough substitutes (for an example Train, ship). Easy jet is competitive parity. (Refer Appendix 4) 3.3.3 Ryan air Value Chain Analysis Ryan air strongly manages and forms relationships with different suppliers for an example. Boeing and food, beverages etc, to make sure goods are received of requirement standards and on time in order to add value through out its value chain. In order to add substantial value for its service by providing low cost and directly monitors relationships with airports around Europe, so they provide subsidies to the airliner in order for them to provide low cost and seen as adding grater value for customers. In order to reduce the cost and provide low cost to customers Ryan air contracts staff for aircraft handling, ticketing and baggage handling to third parties at competitive rates as well as engine repairs and heavy maintenances of its aircrafts. Therefore reduces direct exposure to employee relationships and disputes reducing costs all through value chain. In order to add greater value for customer, the aircraft staff e.g. pilot, cabin crew, they holds close relationships, giving the right training making them to feel confident to answer on flight questions. The airliner has a commission placed for its aircraft crew linked with the sales of duty paid goods. Therefore close management with aircraft crew ensures good labors turnover reducing the threat of staff being absent for flights, thus seen as adding value for customers. (Refer Appendix 5) 4.0 EXTERNAL ENVIROMENTAL ANALYSIS The external organizational environment includes all elements existing outside the boundary of the organization that have the potential to affect the organization (Daft, 1995). The environment includes competitors, resources, technology and economic conditions that influence the organization. The external environment can be further conceptualized as having two layers generally and task environments. The general environment is the outer layer that is widely dispersed and affects organization indirectly. It includes social, demographic and economic factors that influence Ryan air. The most important part concerning in the task environment which is closer to the organizations; its includes the sectors that conduct day to day transaction with the organization and directly influence their basic operations and performance: suppliers, competition, customers and the labour market. (Refer Appendix 3, 6) 5.0 INTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSIS All organizations have strength and weakness in its areas of business. No organization is equally strong or weak in all areas (David, 2005). The process of internal environment parallels that of the external analysis. Resources come in many forms form common factor inputs to highly differentiated resources that are developed over a man years and are very difficult to replicate (Collins and Montgomery 1998). Internal environment analysis involves a study of culture, structure and resources including technology adapted by the origination. 5.1 Resources and capabilities Ryan airs main tangible resource is air craft. Their intangible resource includes things such as companys reputation (first budget airline and low fare airline), brand name (Ryan air), technical knowledge (100 percentage online ticket booking), patent and trademark. A competitive advantage is the set of factors and capabilities that allow firms to consistently outperform their rivals. (Refer Appendix 7) Tangible Resources Air craft Technical Advancement Equipements Competencies Price, Quality service, Reliability Competitive advantage of Ryan air Capabilities Low cost, High profit Intangible Resources Ryan airs Reputation Brand name Low fare Technical knowledge Figure 1: Resources based view if competitive advantage of Ryan air 6.0 SWOT ANALYSIS This analysis is an effective way of identifying internal strengths and weaknesses of Ryan air and of investigative opportunities and threats of the external environment. (Refer Appendix 8) Strengths Ryan air is the largest and most successful of Europes low cost airline. This fact is strongest selling point for Ryan air. Result of this low cost strategy, which increases customers and airline, is expanding rapidly. Ryan airs website was the largest travel website in Europe. And the fifth most recognized brand on Google. According to the Ryan air annual report 2006, Ryan airs ancillary revenues (include non flight schedule services) had climbed by 36 percentage. Weaknesses Ryan air is the least favorite airline in the world. Passengers who travel in Ryan air lose their luggages very often. Ryan air staffs are considered to be very unfriendly and there is common issue that the process always delays. Ryan air was only mid range or below average in its P/E multiple relative to peers like easy jet, whose shares had risen by 46% during the year. Ryan air has been criticized for many aspects of its customer service. Opportunities They have potential market share. Because low cost airline market share not reached the peak level. Ryan air has better opportunities to dominate and catch up with the competition in the European airline industry in terms of providing more quality service. The continuous initiatives of the company in diversification of its revenue resources also open new opportunities to make the business become stronger to outgrow all its competitor companies. Threats Ryan air faced various challenges as it entered the second half of fiscal 2007. The airline itself predicted that its extra capacity building would create uncertainty about the success of new routes, locations and other difficulties. These were extra marketing and discounted fare costs incurred in launching new routes, as well as overcapacity leading to price cutting by rivals. 7.0 CONCLUSION By taking into consideration the above analysis, Jenoir management consultant believe Ryan air has gained competitive advantage since there is a greater opportunity and strengths regarding to the air line industry. Based on the External, Internal and Industry analysis, there are some major issues which were identified by Jenoir management Consultant analysis team in relation to Ryan air have weaknesses and threats. There are many areas which Ryan air should workout. Systematic, healthy and an organic organization contribute much to the success of Ryan air. An organization with clear objectives and capable to draw everyone to work with these objectives will lead to its success. For airlines, the future will hold many challenges. Successful airlines will be those that continue to tackle their costs and improve their products, thereby securing a strong presence in the key world aviation market. Therefore taking into consideration these detrimental impacts to the entity Jenoir management Consultant analysis team formulated certain recommendations for Ryan air to perform the task of a guideline in overcoming these weaknesses and threats, by systematically utilizing these recommendations. Ryan air will be able to convert its current weaknesses into opportunities and strengths in the future. However risk management in the strategic management must be given an important consideration in strategic management plan implementation process. 8.0 RECOMMEDATION Based on External, Internal and Industry analysis, Jenoir management consultants is recommended that Ryan air consider the move their business with low cost strategy in to international market, so Ryan air should has a detailed plan for this and be able to provide good customer service to the customers like by having discounted flights, promotion to keep the competitive advantage at a stable mode within its competitors and also will need to focus more on the core competition that will help Ryan air to practically designs suitable airline operation within their market. There are some other recommendations for Ryan air, Ryan air, being the market leader in the budget airline industry is performing very well as of now. But it does need to take into account all the factors discussed above. Ryan air also has to make sure that even though Michael OLearys tactics work today, they may backfire tomorrow. Ryan air should slow down on the aggressiveness of its strategic planning and implementation so that it can avoid getting into trouble with the governments and end up paying millions. In order to retain its employees, motivate them and also another means of cutting costs, Ryan air can adopt a similar strategy that of Jet Stars JEN (Jet star Employee Network). This intranet software is both the sophistication and the functionality necessary to gather, share and communicate key corporate, HR and time critical staffing information. Head of Corporate Relations, Simon West away says JEN delivers ongoing savings of about $130,000 annually (Story, 2009, p.18). 9.0 REFERENCES Collins, D.J., Montgomery, C.A. (1998), Competing on resources: strategy in the 1990s(Volume 73), Harvard Business Review Daft, Richard L. (1995). Organizational Theory: Cases Applications. (4th edition.) : West Publishing Company David, R.D.(2005). Strategic management: concepts and cases. (10th edition): Prentice Hall of India Find Article (2005). EasyJet to enter Irish Market for first time. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CWU/is_2004_Nov_23/ai_n7074328/?tag=content;col 1 Find Article (2009). Company Watch Ryanair. Retrieved April 22, 2010, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6781/is_2009_August_24/ai_n42028112/?tag=rel.res1 Hodgson, N. (2009, November 20). Ryanair set to overtake EasyJet in JLA ranks. Daily Post Liverpool. RetrievedApril 19, 2010, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_8008/is_20091120/ai_n42256727/ Hubbard, G. Rice, J. Beamish,P. (2005). Strategic management thinking analysis action. (3rd edition). Pearson education Australia Lagadec, K. (2008). Airbus and Boeing face a dark and painful future. Post Carbon Institute. Retrieved April 20, 2010, fromhttp://www.postcarbon.org/article/40546-airbus-and-boeing-face-a-dark/13913-energy The Airline Industry. (n.d.). retrieved April 21, 2010, from http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/airlineindustry.html Viljoen, J., Dann, S. (3rd Ed.). (2003). Strategic Management: Planning and implementing successful corporate strategies. NSW, Australia: Pearson Education Australia. 10.0 APPENDIX 10.1 Appendix 1 PESTLE ANALYSIS OF RYANAIR Political Environment National airlines supported by certain countries Europe union expansion with new routes and new competitors. New European Union rules and regulations. Due to the government stability tourism will be increase, which is good for Ryan air. New different tax policy for different countries. Economic Environment Threat of Ryan air is increasing fuel price. Taxes and Interest rates Decrease of US dollars Increasing business class travelling The threat of the substitutes Rise of airport handling charges SOCIAL FACTORS Increasing grey market, which is the trade of a commodity through distribution channels, which while legal, are unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer. Populations growth does an ageing population affect them i.e. baby boomers, lots of people in that life stage have more disposable income to spend Safety solutions Trend TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Internet sales and Increased internet competitions High speed trains Online check in Low fuel use LEGAL FACTORS Privatizing of airline industry Illegal subsidies from airports Competition laws in aviation industry Allegations of false advertisement Rules and regulations about Carbon emission level ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Noise level controls , Global warming ,2.6% of Carbon emission in the EU, so this gas will effect Green house 10.2 Appendix 2 Porters Diamond Model of Ryan air Factor Condition Demand Condition Firmly strategy structure and Rivalry Related supporting Industries Change Government Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Environmentally concerned. Entrants of other Low Cost Carriers Factor conditions Technological advancement. Demand conditions Demand is increasing for Low fares air travel. Related and supporting industries Car hire, Hotels, Travel insurance, Baggage tracing, Free city guides, Ticketing, Aircraft handling ,Airport coach and other services 10.3 Appendix 3 Porters Five Forces model Bargaining power of Supplier Bargaining power of Buyers Threat of New Entrants Threat of Substitutes Competitive Rivalry 10.4 Appendix 4 (Source: VRIO model / Barneys model http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/ON/B0/B58/033MB58.html) Competitive Implications from Recourses ( Easy jet as Ryan airs competitor) Valuable Rare Difficult to Imitate Without substitutes Competitive Implication Yes No No No Competitive parity 10.5 Appendix 5 Value Chain Analysis of Ryan Air Firm Infrastructure (Head Quarters) Technology Development (Internet, Integrate system, Low tech marketing , Internet sales) Human Resource Management ( In house, Low cost training, Management control, Limited crew, performance contracts) Procurement (Boeing discount, Alliances, Low cost, out sources private) Inbound Logistic (Quality training, Low cost supplier, Airport agreement) Operation (No frill, low cost ) Outbound Logistic (Reliable service, quick turn around) Marketing and Sales (Free publicity, Low cost, promotions, Internet sales) Services (High productivity, Limited resourses) 10.6 Appendix 6 Location of the organization general task and internal environments Technological CUSTOMERRS Task Env Internal Environment Socio cultural LABOUR MARKET Employees Culture International COMPETITORS Management SUPPLIERS Legal/ Political Economic It can be noted that SUPPLIERS forms an integral part of task environment and the role of importance of suppliers of components. 10.7 Appendix 7 Resources There are two kinds of resources, tangible and intangible which can further be categorized into financial, human, physical and intellectual capital. Physical Resources which Ryan air possesses is 196 Boeing aircrafts. Huge amount of money was being spent for the aircraft maintenance and they need to keep the resources proper and running to make sure that these will not harm their low cost structure. They also have the youngest fleet in the whole of Europe with a highly fuel efficient capacity. Financial Resources Ryan air is the highest profit making low cost structured airline. According to OHiggins (2007), Ryan airs profits have been increasing 8.5% on average per year. It also goes onto say that in its Annual General Meeting in 2006; the airline had delivered 12% increase in net profits despite a 74% increase in fuel cost. Human Resources Initially Ryan air started with only 25 employees and had 3500 people by the year 2006 and all of them are entrenched with a cost cutting approach. Ryan air employees a very much dedicated as Ryan air pays its employees well. In its 2006 annual report it claimed to have the highest pay figures than any other major European airline. Also by tailoring rosters, the carrier maximized productivity and time off for crew members. The biggest HR advantage Ryanair has is Michael OLeary. Intellectual Capital The high