A Sad Love Story Free Essays

A tragic Love Story.. A kid proposed his better half for marriage, Girl: Tell me. We will compose a custom exposition test on A Sad Love Story or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now . Who do you love most in this world? Kid: You, obviously ! Young lady: What am I to you? Kid: The kid thought for a second and glanced eagerly in her eyes and said â€Å"u r missing piece of my heart † She grinned, and she acknowledged his proposition. ::  ¦ ::  ¦ :  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ After their wedding , the couple had a sweet and upbeat life for some time . In any case ,the energetic couple started to float separated because of the bustling calendar of life and the ceaseless concerns of aily issues and not long after their life became troublesome . ::  ¦ ::  ¦ :  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦::  ¦ : All the difficulties presented by the cruel real factors of life started to float away their fantasies and love for one another . .. The couple started to have more squabbles and each fight became make their connection all the more most noticeably awful. One day , after the squabble , the young lady came up short on the house.. .. At the contrary roadside , she shouted,† You don’ t love me †¦ !† The kid detested her silliness and out of drive, stated ,†May be, it was a mix-up for us to e together ..! You were never da missing piece of my  ¦ †¦ !† Suddenly, she turned calm and remained there for quite a while .. .. He lamented what he said yet wordsspoken cant be reclaimed. With tears in her eyes, she returned home to pack her things and Before leaving the house,she left a note for him: â€Å"If I ‘m truly not da missing piece of ur  ¦, let me go.. n scan for whole 1 whu is. .. It is less difficult thisway†¦ released us on our different ways and quest for our own accomplices .. .† ::  ¦ ::  ¦ :  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦::  ¦ : Five years passed by. .. He never remarried however he had attempted to get some answers concerning her life in a roundabout way .. †¦ . She had left the nation and was experiencing her fantasies. He use to lament on what he did yet never attempted to bring her back. . In obscurity and desolate night , he lit his cigarette and felt the waiting hurt in his heart. He couldn’ t force himself to concede that he was feeling the loss of her . †¦. One day , they at last met†¦ . At the air terminal , He was disappearing on an excursion for work . He saw her, She was remaining there alone, with simply the security entryway isolating them. She grinned at him tenderly . Kid: How are you ? Young lady: I’ m fine. You should.. . Have you discovered your heart ‘ s missing part.. .? Kid: No . Young lady: I’ ll be traveling to New York in the following flight . Kid: I ‘ll return in about fourteen days time . Call me when you are back †¦ You know my number †¦ . Nothing has changed . With a grin , she pivoted and waved farewell .. â€Å"Good-bye . . . † Same night he knew about a plane accident which was made a beeline for New York . He attempted to think about her and discovered that,She passed on . 12 PM. †¦ Once again , he lit his cigarette. †¦ . What's more, as in the past, he felt the waiting throb in his heart. †¦ He at long last knew , she was that missing part that he had recklessly broken . . . Now and then, individuals make statements out of snapshots of fury†¦ .. We take outour 99% disappointments at our friends and family. †¦ And despite the fact th at we knowthat we should to†think twice and act wisely†, we really dont do it. Things happen every day , huge numbers of which are outside our ability to control . Do whatever it takes not to hurt ur cherished once, bcz amoment of outrage cud b a lifetym discipline †¦ u Step by step instructions to refer to A Sad Love Story, Papers

Canto Inferno Essay Topics - How to Evaluate Them For Your Own Essays

Canto Inferno Essay Topics - How to Evaluate Them For Your Own EssaysOne of the biggest challenges in Canto Inferno is how to deal with the varied essay topics. The question of essay topics is not one that will only be answered for students at the beginning of the year. Instead, the question of essay topics is one that will be answered throughout the year.But what should you consider when attempting to find essay topics for your Canto Inferno classes? And, how can you avoid some of the more common essay topics that do not allow for a clear and accurate evaluation of your Canto Inferno essays?The best way to avoid essay topics that will not allow for a clear and accurate evaluation of your Canto Inferno essays is to make sure that you always take the time to make sure that you understand every single topic that you are reading about. Make sure that you understand the main idea behind every topic that you are reading about. Make sure that you understand the specific nuances that the to pic pertains to.If you are not careful, it is possible that you may forget one or two of the details about the topic that you read about. This could result in you being able to remember all of the details that are required to properly evaluate your Canto Inferno essays.This is something that can be learned on a basic level. It is one thing to read the topic in depth, but it is quite another to learn how to adequately evaluate the topic based on the finer details that are required for the assessment.It is also a great benefit to the students that are attempting to make good evaluations for their essays. The students that have taken the time to study and learn how to properly evaluate essays that deal with different topics will have an advantage over those that have not been able to develop this ability.The second method for finding essay topics that will be best for you is to look at different essay topics for the semester. Take some time to review some of the articles that you have written or have read throughout the semester. Find out what others have written about and see what you feel comfortable writing about.When you have done this, you will be able to use your knowledge of essay topics to guide you when it comes to what you write about for your next essay. When you have the chance to see different topics for the next semester, you will be better able to find essay topics that will be best for you.

Literature Review Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Literature Review Assignment - Essay Example Moreover, toward the quit of the minimum frame temperature level, a person will input the ‘wake upkeep zone’ (Lack, Gradisar, Van Someren, Wright, and Lushington 309). In addition, the body’s temperature does now not just affect the rhythms that human beings revel in whilst engaged in the dream section or before waking up. A person’s body temperature can also affect his or her frequency of experiencing insomnia. The onset of insomnia may be attributed to behind schedule rhythms of body temperature in incidences wherein an character tries to sleep in the midst of a behind schedule wake protection duration. This can also typically be skilled in the night. Insomnia also can take place inside the morning. Experiences of awakening insomnia within the morning can be related to the occurrence of advanced rhythm in temperature. According to Lack, Gradisar, Van Someren, Wright, and Lushington, the mixture of protection insomnia and sleep onset is related with the steady elevation of the temperature of the human body stimulating the chronic hyper-arousal state this is characteristic of insomnia (307). Lack, Leon, Michael Gradisar, Eus Van Someren, Helen Wright and Kurt Lushington. â€Å"The dating among insomnia and frame temperatures.† Sleep Medicine Reviews 12.4(2008):307-317. Retrieved from

Influences Of Cultural Capital On Schooling And Learning...

Running head: THE INFLUENCES OF CULTURAL CAPITAL 1 THE INFLUENCES OF CULTURAL CAPITAL 14 The Influences of Cultural Capital on Schooling and Learning Warapark Maitreephun University of Missouri The Influences of Cultural Capital on Schooling and Learning Many scholars and journalists (e.g., Bergin Bergin, 2015; Boaler Staples, 2008; Lareau Horvat, 1999; Lareau, 2002; Lewin, 2005) insisted that culture initiated and possessed by different groups of people influences schooling and learning of children in distinctive ways. This paper aims to investigate students? cultural capital from home influencing schooling and learning. Regarding Bourdieu?s (1986) culture capital, group of people has been creating and living within their own habitus embedding believe, culture, cultural materials and activities, norm, and so on. Framed by Bourdieu?s cultural capital states, this paper demonstrates three aspects of cultural capital including the embodied, the objectified, and the institutionalized states. Generated within our habitus, these three aspects create us differently regarding our beliefs, thoughts, behaviors, and interaction. I interviewed several colleagues and fellows and selected five interviewees whose data is synthesized and present ed in the following sections. In addition, the interviewees? personal and educational background will briefly be presented. In a conclusion section, I specifically suggest parents to support their children? cultural capital. However,Show MoreRelatedEducation, Change, and Society1305 Words   |  6 PagesEDUCATION, CHANGE AND SOCIETY ASSIGNMENT 2 – ESSAY Success, achievement and participation at school are not simply a matter of intelligence or ability. Discuss this statement with reference to the concepts of cultural capital, hidden curriculum, class and socioeconomic status. Since the beginning of education there have been many forms, which have been passed on from one generation to the next. Over the years education has evolved and is now seen as the education system all over the world. Read MoreInequalities in Australian Schooling Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesInequalities in Australian Schooling: Sociocultural Factors in terms of Cultural Capital, Habitus and Social Reproduction There is a common, underlying perception that students from particular cultural and linguistic backgrounds – what is generally referred to as ethnicity - have a predisposition towards educational success in Australian schools (Watkins, 2013). Students from Anglo backgrounds, for example, are often seen as having a cultural advantage whilst others, such as Middle Eastern studentsRead MoreMulticultural Education : Issues And Perspectives1422 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals with the behavior patterns they need in order to adapt (2005,13). Students will develop a cultural identity through the social groups he/she is involved in through race, social class, cultural capital etc. Through this research we will try to find what particularly enhances the academic success of a student. Researchers from various studies have determined that students vary in learning performance and academic achievement. One factor that was determined to affect academic achievementRead MoreThis Paper Presents Agreement With Author Jay Macleod’S1579 Words   |  7 Pagesand four of the Inequality and Diversity in Education course to MacLeod’s presumption. First, this paper explains the conception of being â€Å"pushed into jumping†. Second, it posits that young adults experience a myriad of push-pull factors which influence their decisions for their future, ultimately pushing and pulling them in a direction where they may be forced into positions or situations which are not ideal. Lastly, it suggests alternatives for educators and the institution of education to assistRead MoreDo Schools Change Society, Or Does Society Change The Schools?2126 Words   |  9 Pagesschools? The answer is more complicated than the question suggest. Influence runs in both directi ons: education affects the course of social development, and schools reflect the impact of the larger social context. Can education function effectively as instruments of social change? Or is Education shaped and therefore constrained by larger cultural, economic and political forces in society. These factors alone reflect and amplify influence of their own. History can help answer some of these questionsRead MoreLack Of Socio Cultural Factors1594 Words   |  7 Pagesthe role of certain socio-cultural factors in the experiences of different students will be analysed as well as their chance of success in school. Concepts such as social justice, hidden curriculum, cultural capital and Bourdieu’s theories of social reproduction and habitus will also be discussed in relation to these factors. Finally, the role of future teachers will be reflected upon in addressing the socio-cultural factors in their teaching approaches. In schooling, the Australian curriculumRead MoreImportant Elements Of Teaching Towards Understanding Cultural Identity1286 Words   |  6 Pages Question Two Word count 509 Edgeworth Santoro (2014) Santoro (2013) discussed the importance of knowing students in complex ways is one of the most important elements of teaching towards understanding cultural identity traditions, values and practices from student’s perspectives. Often teachers do not have an understanding of the complexities of their student’s culture and ethnicity indicated in the example with the twins, when the teacher failed to really know her students exercised throughRead MoreStudent s Social Background And Their Connections Within Society1531 Words   |  7 Pageswhy student’s act and think in a particular way. Developmentally the sociology of education has provided numerous theories, the functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, Forms of Capital and the Virtual Backpack Theory, which contributes to and underpin the skills teachers can employ into their learning environments and practice. Theorist Matthews believes that effective pedagogy occurs only w hen one has gained a thorough understanding and sensitivity of past and present social conditionsRead MoreInterview Paper : Influence Of Children Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pages6 Interview Paper: The Influence of Children?s Cultural Background in Education Warapark Maitreephun University of Missouri Interview Paper: The Influence of Children?s Cultural Background in Education Many scholars (e.g. Bourdieu, 1986; Lareau, 1999) agree that children? cultural background influences on schooling and learning, which impacts their life trajectories. In this paper, I explore a Thai adult?s retrospect on his educational experiences affected by his cultural background. I use the interviewRead MoreAcademic Socialization : Differences And Challenges1227 Words   |  5 PagesAdult ELLs’ Academic Socialization: Differences and Challenges Students who come from different academic, social, and cultural backgrounds have received different orientations towards literacy skills or the educational experience in general, which eventually influence their academic performance either as analytical readers, writers, class discussion participants, presenters, or note-takers. The multilingual and multicultural population of learners such as the ELLs comes to the English academic institutions

Oral Health System Of Australia Essay - 902 Words

LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Oral health system in Australia A health system defined as ‘all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore and/or maintain health’ (WHO 2013). A good health system is indicated by its capability to delivers quality services, when and where the people need them (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2014). Australia’s health-care system is a combination of public welfare and private market provision (Willis, Reynolds Keleher 2009). There are multiple layers of responsibility and funding provided by governments, individuals, health providers and private health insurers (Biggs 2013). All level government including local, state, territory and the Australian Government, provides public health services. While, health services in private sector are available in private hospitals, medical practices and pharmacies (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2014). Furthermore, the detail of oral health system in Australia is described based on type of health care, funding and oral health workforce. 1.1 Types of health care Primary care is the first person’s contact with the health system, in which mostly provided for the community by self-employed general practitioner (Biggs 2013). In primary dental care setting, dentist can work for children and adolescents in schools, a public dental health programmes and some dental care for adults (the elderly, disabled, single parents with health care cards and the unemployed) in communityShow MoreRelatedNational Advisory Council On Dental Health1246 Words   |  5 Pagesto improving oral health in Australia where many Australians find it difficult to access dental services. Currently, targeted schemes have directed focus and funding towards delivering comprehensive dental care to disadvantaged Australians including persons with a current concession card and/or health care card. Many of these people have poor oral health and access dental care through the public system. A great burden for resources and funding is placed on the oral health care system by these peopleRead MorePeriodontal Disease And Manual Dexterity1359 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease is the fifth most common health problem in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2015). Periodontal disease is associated with large costs to the health system and reduction in the quality of life, and wealth, of Australians (AHMAC Steering Committee for National Planning for Oral Health, 2001). The greatest contributor to the development of periodontal disease is the accumulation of plaque in the oral cavity. The human immune system responds to plaque by initiatingRead MoreOral Health And Dental Care1541 Words   |  7 Pages6 37.7 65.9 38.7 56.0 From: Oral health and dental care in Australia: keyfacts and figures 2015 (Chrisopoulos, Harford Ellershaw 2016, p. 67). 3.3 The impact of neglected oral disease Dental decay is the second most expensive diet-related disease in Australia, the cost of this disease is comparable to heart disease and diabetes. During 2007-08, the annual expenditure of dental care in Australia was $6.1 billion (Department of Health, Government of South Australia 2012). Despite of the economicRead MoreUnited States Of America For Multiple Years1693 Words   |  7 PagesHealth care has been an issue for the United States of America for multiple years. Dental care, a topic that does not get much attention because people believe it is trivial, plays a major part in people’s lives, particularly children. Gerard van Honthorst’s The Tooth Puller shows a dentist pulling a patient’s tooth with five observers watching. Van Honthorst shows how in awe or scared people are of the dentist. There is a negative outlook on dentists and dental care: people are afraid of the dentistRead MoreCounselling On Sunburn Becoming Repetitive? What About Frostbite?1663 Words   |  7 PagesCounselling on sunburn becoming repetitive? What about Frostbite? Comparing and contrasting registration as a pharmacist in Australia and Canada Introduction â€Å"The history of pharmacy is almost as long as the history of humanity.† - Stephen G. Greenwood Man has walked this Earth for a long time and, during that time, they have suffered from ailments. It may not be common practice now to make offerings to the Gods in an attempt to seek a cure but, there are still aspects from ancient times evidentRead MoreAustralian Health Care Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesOral health in Australia is a concern. The impact of poor dental health can instigate ulcers, gingivitis, gum disease and damage one’s overall health. Tooth decay is extensive among Australian adults, and tooth aches are a considerable amount of hospital admission for children (Parliament of Australia, 2013). Two in three children aged 14 years have deteriorated permanent teeth, while three in ten adults receive no treatment at all. Adults living in rural Australia are 1.7 times more likely toRead MoreThe Australian Health Care System Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system based on universa l principles of access and equity†. This essay discusses the history and inception of the Australian Healthcare system, how it is funded through the Government and the public income. How and where healthcare is delivered and its effectiveness, including issues and priorities according to current healthcare policies and national standards. The Indigenous Australian people have practiced traditional â€Å"healthcare†Read MoreThe Australian Health Care System1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system based on universal principles of access and equity. In this essay I will discuss the historical evolution and current structure of our health system, identifying current health service models of delivery and look at its strengths, weaknesses, policies and health priorities currently in Australia. I will discuss the roles of government and non-government health services in service provision and funding sources of AustralianRead MoreThe Oecd Principles Of Good Laboratory Practice1521 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Testing of Chemicals (OECD Guideline 407, as adopted on 3rd October 2008) will also be followed. The test facility of the study has received a Good Laboratory Practice certification from National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA), Australia (License No. AU666/GLP). The test sites 1 (License No. US250/GLP, issued by FDA) and 2 (license No. AU888/GLP, issued by NATA) are both GLP licensed facilities, under the regulation of local authorities. To protect the welfare, the animal experimentsRead MoreThe Federal Government And Health Care Essay988 Words   |  4 Pages The Federal Government became increasingly involved in health provision following the Second World War, with a focus on ensuring access and equity to health care. When Medicare was implemented in 1984, the Federal Government, States and Territories agreed to provide free health care for all Australians in all public hospitals. This service now provides the public, access to see health care professionals for free or for subsidised treatments. The Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) lists all the services

Filipino Economist - 4539 Words

------------------------------------------------- Winnie Monsod Born | July 29, 1940 (age 70) Manila, Philippines | Nationality | Filipino | Alma mater | University of the Philippines;University of Pennsylvania | Occupation | Economist, Professor, TV Host | Organization | UP School of Economics | Known for | Television host and economist | Spouse | Christian S. Monsod | Children | Solita Noemi Toby Melissa Teresa Patricia Christian Enrique Katrina Diane Noelle | Parents | Juan D. Collas Soledad Garduno | Relatives | 5 siblings | Solita Collas-Monsod, popularly known as Mareng Winnie, is aFilipino broadcaster, host, economist, professor, and writer. Professor Monsod is best remembered for her role as Socio-economic Planning†¦show more content†¦Garcia | Vice president | Emmanuel Pelaez | Preceded by | Carlos P. Garcia | Followed by | Ferdinand Marcos | 6th Vice President of the Philippines Fourth Vice President of the Third Republic | Served December 30 , 1957 - December 30 , 1961 | Preceded by | None [1] | Followed by | Emmanuel Pelaez | | Birthday | September 28 , 1910 Lubao , Pampanga | Death | April 21 , 1997 Makati City | Political parties | Liberal Party | Wife | (1) Purita de la Rosa †  (2) Evangelina Macaraeg | Occupation | Defender | Religion | Catholic | Si Diosdado Pangan Macapagal ( September 28 , 1910 - April 21 , 1997 ) the ninthpresident of the Philippines ( December 30 , 1961 - December 30 , 1965 ) and is the ninthPresident of the Republic of the Philippines ( December 30 , 1961 - December 30 , 1965 ). Father him Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo became president as well. ------------------------------------------------- Biography Diosdado Macapagal was dubbed as Girl from Lubao difficult because he son of a poor farmer. He was born in San Nicolas, Lubao, Pampanga on September 28, 1910 kina Urbano Macapagal and Romana Pangan. He resided in a care home and bow of Don Honorio Ventura vain to graduate Doctor of Laws from the University of Santo Tomas in 1936 and entered politics. HerShow MoreRelatedThe Armchair Economist : Economics And Everyday Life1367 Words   |  6 Pages The Armchair Economist: Economics and Everyday Life Steven E. Landsburg Insightful yet humorous, that is how I perceived as I dig in much further into the book entitled â€Å"The Armchair economist: Economics and Everyday life† written by Steven E. Landsburg. The author is currently an economics professor at the University of Rochester. Aside from being an economics professor, he has also been writing a monthly column in Slate magazine entitled â€Å"Everyday Economics† for over ten years now. He is theRead MoreIs There a Philippine Public Administration1548 Words   |  7 PagesIn Onofre Corpuzs esssay on Is there a Philippine Public Administration, he negatively stated that there is a Philippine public administration by repeatedly stating, Its all very Filipino. He even stated that ...the existing public administration is faithfully Filipino.. I must agree with his statement because indeed, a Philippine public administration exists, I believe in terms of structure. I would like to quote Alex Brillantes, Jr. and Maricel Fernandez on their statement. Yes we haveRead MorePoverty and Filipino Drug Mules3094 Words   |  13 PagesPoverty and the Filipino Drug Mules Introduction Among the most admired Filipinos today are the Overseas Filipino Workers or OFWs. They have been dubbed as New Heroes or Bagong Bayani by no less than the late Corazon â€Å"Cory† Aquino because of the way they willingly leave their families and the comforts of home to pursue high-earning jobs abroad. An estimated 8.2 to 11 million Filipinos or 11% of the total Filipino population work in other countries to support their families and to make their dreamsRead MoreOut of School Youth2071 Words   |  9 Pagescan play a role in better addressing their needs, including the public education, workforce, human services, juvenile justice, and community. REASONS WHY THERE IS OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH HERE IN THE PHILIPPINES. 1. INCAPABLE GOVERNMENT, the sovereign Filipino people of the Philippines Government does not have the ability to give a good and standard education. Where funds for new projects that would provide the learners a good habitat for learning is being deprive from them because of the rampant corruptionRead MoreThe Mandate For Hunters Essay Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesever since, and until now there is no noteworthy improvement that is done by the current administration about it. Until now, eleven percent (11%) of Filipino workers are categorized as â€Å"extremely poor† with only fifty-five peso (Php. 55) daily salary (Bauzon Lazo, 2014). What is shocking is that it is not only that seven out of a hundred Filipinos have no jobs, but a lot of employed are underemployed or mismatched in their jobs with respect to their skills and educational attainment. Due to theRead MoreThe Poor Cannot Afford to Be Unemployed Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesHistory has brought upon wonders on how economists view the conditions of different nations whether it is about aggregate output or policies implemented by the government and central bank. Now, it is quite interesting to note how unemployment, as I have studied in the last few weeks, indicates a far different realization when applied to the Philippine setting. It is as if unemployment in our country wears a mask that hides how the government, even with its good intentions, fails to address the moreRead MoreJollibee Case Study Transnational Management Individual Assignment1019 Words   |  5 PagesJollibee can seize this opportunity with their spicy variant Chickenjoy (Larano, 2014). INDIA India, also one of the most budding market with significant economic growth becomes a potential country where Jollibee could expand to. According to Economist intelligent Unit, India’s fast food industry is expected to double in size between 2013 and 2016 (Gauba, 2015). When compared to other countries like China, the number one most populated country, India shows far more promising fast food market. InRead MoreAdvent of a National Hero1186 Words   |  5 Pagesranked with the worlds geniuses. He was a physician(opthalmic surgeon), poet, dramatist, essayist, novelist, historian, architect, painter, sculptor, educator, linguist, musician, naturalist, ethnologist, surveyor, engineer, farmer, businessman, economist, geographer, cartographer, bibliophile, philologist, grammarian, folklorist, philosopher, translator, inventor, magician, humorist, satirist, polemicist, sportsman, traveler, and prophet. Above and beyond all these he was a hero and political martyrRead MoreFiscal and Monetary Policies During the 2008 Recession in America967 Words   |  4 Pagesincome fell. The whole country was in turmoil back then. This event had placed the policymakers in nostalgia. The melancholic memory of the Great Depression had them thinking of ways to battle the present state of their economy. Back then, classical economists believed that downturns in the economy would eventually correct themselves with little or even no intervention from the government. The Invisible Hand would work its magic, still even today. However, the policymakers had to rethink this since theyRead MoreWronging English by Ruanni F. Tupas1546 Words   |  7 PagesWronging English (2002, revised May 2008) T. Ruanni F. Tupas Filipino linguist Ma. Lourdes Bautista has recently come out with her latest book which gives us more empirical evidence of Philippine English or, to some, bad English. For many decades now, scholars have fought not only for the recognition of the many Englishes in the world, but for the importance of their use as our way of getting back at the English language. After all, they say, English is also an Asian language. Those of us who have

Debut Albums and Rita free essay sample

Important Quotations Below Is a selection of some of the best quotations from Educating Rata. Learn approximately 10 which cover various ideas- I. E. Rites struggle, Denny, Franks problems etc. Im coming in, arent l? Its that stupid bleeding handle on the door. You want get it fixed! Symbolizes Rites struggle to enter academic world. Everything I knowand you must listen to TLSls that I know absolutely nothing. Do you think its erotic Look at those its! God, whats it like to be free? See If Id started taking school seriously I would have been different from my mates, ND thats not allowed. My minds full of Junk isnt it? It needs a good clearing out. Ive been realizing for ages that I was, y know, slightly out of step. Im twenty-six. I should have had a baby by now; everyone expects It. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Rita or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Im sure me husband thinks Im sterile. He was Minoan all the time, y know, Come often pill, lets have a baby. I told him lid come fit, just to shut him up. But Im still on it. See, I dont want baby yet. I want discover myself first. Do you understand that? Found a culture, have you, Rata? Found a better song to sing, have you?Noyou have found a deferent song, thats all. And on your lips Its shrill and hollow and tuneless. Oh, Rata, Rata l cant talk to the people I live with anymore. An I cant talk to the likes of them [the academic crowd], because I cant learn the language. Im a half-caste. Because I think your marvelous. Do you know youre the first breath of fresh air thats been In here for years. Frank Is In awe of Rata Id just play another record or buy another dress an stop worrying Frank symbolically puts her essay on the pile with the others because it would not kook out of place. It wouldnt look out of place with these. The great thing about the booze Is that It makes one believe that under all the talk, esteem. I dont know that I want to teach you. What you have is already valuable. Frank recognizes that Rata has something he will never be able to teach- honesty. (Offering a haircut and perhaps more at the end of the play) Im goanna take ten years off you. -Rata is now the one looking after Frank He thinks weve got choice already: choice between Overtone an Liverpool, choosing which washing powder Housing between Stork an butter. Rata mocks her own class- the working class. She is clearly dissatisfied with her life. I dont want to be funny I want talk seriously with the rest of you I dont want to come to your house Just to play the court Jester. I asked her why. I said. Why are crying, Mother? She said, Because- because we could sing better songs than those. Rata is aware that there is more to life than drinking, shopping and singing. She wants more from her life. Like what youve got to be into is music an clothes an looking for a feller, wonky the Ella qualities of life. Denny gets dead marked if I work at home. He doesnt like me doing this. Denny found out I was on the pill again; it was my fault, I left my prescription out. He burnt all me books. Hes wondering where the girl he married has gone to Shes gone an Vive taken her place. This tutor came up to me An he said, Are you fond of Firefighting? It was right on the tip of me tongue, to say, Only when its served with Parmesan cheese, but, Frank, I didnt! l heard one of the saying as a novel he preferred Lady Chatterer to Sons and Lovers.I thought , I can keep walking and ignore it, or I can put him straight. So I put him straight. -Rites confidence is growing. For students they dont half come out with some rubbish you know. Ill tell you what you cant bear, Mr.. Self-pitying Pips Artist. What you cant bear is that I am educated now. Whats up, Frank, dont y like me now that the little girls grown up, now that y can no longer bounce me on daddys knee an watch me stare back in wide-eyed wonder at everything he has to say? Im educated, Ive got what you dont need you anymore. Ive got a room full of books. I know what clothes to wear, what wine to buy, what plays to see, what papers and books to read. I can do without you. found a different song, thats all. And on your lips its shrill and hollow and tuneless. I shall change my name; from now on I shall insist upon being known as Mary, Mary Shelley Frank compares himself to Mary Shelley, the author of Frankincense, as he feels he has created a monster in Rata. l might go to France. I might go to my mothers. I might even have a baby. I Dunn. Ill make a decision. Ill choose. At last, Rata is in control of her life.

In This Paper I Will Show My Knowledge Of Many Different Topics Of Cel

In this paper I will show my knowledge of many different topics of Cellular Life. I will explain the theory of biogenesis, cell theory, the history of both and how they tie in together. I will also state the scientific method and why it is important to science. Abbi Spallonzani used Scientific method in his biogenesis experiment. Scientific method are some rules or principles used in research and experimentation. Objectivity is the attempt to observe things as they are. Approach is using either inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is using results of observations and experiments with more general hypotheses and theories. Deductive reasoning is using the exact results of previous experiments. Deductive reasoning is used back in the mid 1800's when Louis Pasteur was offered a prize if he could solve the theory if abiogenesis was possible. Abiogenesis is the belief that living things can come from non-living things. Biogenesis is the belief that living things are given birth from other living things. He used previous experiments such as Francis Redi, John Needham, Abbi' Spallonzani, and many others to devise a strategy. He made swan neck flasks with large enough holes in them to let air in but no microorganisms. He boiled mutton broth and put it in the jars and the broth lasted over a year without spoiling. This proved that abiogenesis was wrong. The organisms and flies in previous experiments succeeded in attacking the broth but since the swan neck jars kept them out this proves that nothing can grow from a non living object. The cell theory is a set of rules that are true of all living things. A cell can only be created by another cell. All living things have at least one sell. Cells are the fundamental structure of all organisms.

Free Essays on Women Abuse

woman abuse Male domination and patriarchy have been under challenge by feminists and the women's movement in recent decades. The economic, social and political subjection of women around the world, the violence brought against them and their confinement to the domestic sphere have been analyzed and denounced in academic studies. Most people want to build a new society where gender is not the central factor discriminating between individuals, who should be free to choose the life styles that suit them. Men have, in general, been socialized to hide their innermost thoughts and feelings. As young boys they are socialized to believe that if they are open about their feelings they would be considered weak and/or not manly by their peers.  ¡Ã‚ ¥Being strong ¡Ã‚ ¦ and  ¡Ã‚ ¥being a man ¡Ã‚ ¦ meant creating a tough exterior, and not allowing anyone to penetrate that hard shell. Men who batter women have never learned how to cope successfully with angry feelings. Life is full of events that caus e us immense stress and frustration, but the abusive male does not have the communication skills necessary for resolving the conflict passively. What is violence against women? For some people, the answer to this question is simple  ¡V an intentional physical act such as a kick, punch, push, choke, or bite, that results in a physical injury. Many people accept this definition of woman abuse inasmuch as they believe that if you don ¡Ã‚ ¦t need stitches, you ¡Ã‚ ¦re not hurt. Most researchers have limited their attention to non-lethal, non-sexual assaults. Unfortunately, this focus on physical assaults does not reflect the brutal reality of many women ¡Ã‚ ¦s lives. We are inclined to agree with the feminist point of view that any definition of woman abuse must incorporate a much broader range of behaviours. Feminists argue that woman abuse refers to anything a male has done or not done to his partner that is perceived as psychologically, socially, economically, o... Free Essays on Women Abuse Free Essays on Women Abuse woman abuse Male domination and patriarchy have been under challenge by feminists and the women's movement in recent decades. The economic, social and political subjection of women around the world, the violence brought against them and their confinement to the domestic sphere have been analyzed and denounced in academic studies. Most people want to build a new society where gender is not the central factor discriminating between individuals, who should be free to choose the life styles that suit them. Men have, in general, been socialized to hide their innermost thoughts and feelings. As young boys they are socialized to believe that if they are open about their feelings they would be considered weak and/or not manly by their peers.  ¡Ã‚ ¥Being strong ¡Ã‚ ¦ and  ¡Ã‚ ¥being a man ¡Ã‚ ¦ meant creating a tough exterior, and not allowing anyone to penetrate that hard shell. Men who batter women have never learned how to cope successfully with angry feelings. Life is full of events that caus e us immense stress and frustration, but the abusive male does not have the communication skills necessary for resolving the conflict passively. What is violence against women? For some people, the answer to this question is simple  ¡V an intentional physical act such as a kick, punch, push, choke, or bite, that results in a physical injury. Many people accept this definition of woman abuse inasmuch as they believe that if you don ¡Ã‚ ¦t need stitches, you ¡Ã‚ ¦re not hurt. Most researchers have limited their attention to non-lethal, non-sexual assaults. Unfortunately, this focus on physical assaults does not reflect the brutal reality of many women ¡Ã‚ ¦s lives. We are inclined to agree with the feminist point of view that any definition of woman abuse must incorporate a much broader range of behaviours. Feminists argue that woman abuse refers to anything a male has done or not done to his partner that is perceived as psychologically, socially, economically, o...

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic - Essay Example For instance, oil products in global market are becoming scarce and volatile because of the continuing crisis in the Middle East, the primary suppliers of oil products. In lieu of this, oil prices rose to its highest point in just a very short period of time while demand is getting faster. Conversely, if this oil producing countries return in their normal business term, then the production of oil products will increase, thereby bringing a stability of price. This environment is one of the current examples of inflation and deflation that is happening in reality. The main thrust of this paper is to discuss the causes of inflation and deflation, and how these affect corporate decision-making. To have a better understanding on this anomaly, it is a requirement to study the complex movements of prices and their effects through current situations and events. Inflation and Its Causes Inflation is described by Mukherjee (2002, p.26) â€Å"as a process in which the price level is rising and money is losing its value.† As you can see in figure 1, if the aggregate demand (AD) is increasing faster than the rate of the aggregate supply (AS), the general price level also increases, and this phenomenon is known as inflation. Nowadays, many countries are suffering from higher rates of inflation and sometimes government had to compromise by paying the cost of the reduced productivity. However, many economists have argued that pouring too much money into the economy as a solution would only lead to a more serious inflation (McNeese, 2000, p.22). The main causes of this phenomenon include: Too much demand in the economy. If the demand is high and the available supply cannot meet the demand, general price level would eventually move upward, thereby bringing in inflation or particularly known as demand-pull inflation. This is a situation wherein the rate of demand is faster than the rate of supply leading to a shortage of supply which means that â€Å"an increase in demand will affect prices more than output because firms may not be able to recruit staff more easily or produce more...† (Gillespie, 2007, p.381). Cost-push, monetary, and supply shock inflation. This type of inflation occurred when the supply of money in the circulation is high, causing the purchasing power of people to increase and eventually lead to a demand-pull inflation. On the other hand, cost-push inflation happened when the level of productivity among workers is increasing, labour expenses are also increased and the rate will be added up to the general price level (Grant & Vidler, 2003, p.132). Lastly, supply shock is more or less interrelated with demand-pull inflation; however, this time the supply is generally scarce. For example, the steady increase in prices of oil products in the world market brought by subsequent events particularly in Libya have also contributed to the increase of prices in almost all of the basic commodities. Deflation and Its Causes â€Å"Deflati on is a sustained decrease in the average price level of the entire economy† (Saunders & Gilliard, 2000, p.32). The steady and continuous fall of prices sound interesting to those who are not fully aware of deflation, but this term is not good for the monetary economy because falling prices would adversely affect income that eventually to bankruptcy. As sale, profit and investment fall together, producers are forced to cut

The Market and Social Order Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Market and Social Order - Assignment Example As it is, a commonwealth or a civil society is imperatively necessary to administer any property regime. There must be collective national standards (Sen, 1996, pp. 148-163). As a matter of fact, the free market system necessitates an array of public institutions and standards to shore it up (Fried, 1998). From this standpoint, the free enterprise system is in itself a type of "commons regime," that is, a collaborative undertaking to improve and develop well-being founded on rights of private property, contracts and market exchange. The concept that some types of property are intrinsically public has its origin in Roman law (Lee, 1956, pp.109-110). Some forms of property, the Romans believed, due to its nature and character, should not be under individual ownership and control. These types of property were called res extra commercium, in contrast, properties that could only be used in common because they were indivisible (e.g. waterways, ocean, land) were known as res communes. Derived from this belief, courts came up with a unique line of "public trust" analysis to categorise certain forms of property, like natural r... nd" pertained to deep seabed minerals, human genetic structures, the global atmosphere and other resources that should not lawfully be appropriated by any one individual or state (Buck, 1998). The Enclosure Movement in England The allegory of market enclosure was taken from the enclosure movement in England, which took place several times beginning in the late 1400s, specifically in the 1500s and during the Industrial Revolution. All throughout the Middle Ages, the conventional use of land was known as the open-field system, wherein arable lands were not fenced and jointly managed by everyone in the community. Peasants communally held rights to sizeable sections of meadow, moorland and forests. The commons utilised these to feed geese/sheep/cows, grow crops, furnish firewood and peat, and cultivate beehives and fruit trees (Williams, 1973, pp.96-110). As a means of supervising and handling lands in stable, pre-modern communities, the common lands did not lend themselves to new, more productive processes of agriculture. With these lands being employed for survival and not market purposes, the incentives were visible. Nevertheless, the lands were an important communal resour ce for coping with daily needs in many communities - and a complementary resource in other villages. Likewise, these lands had emotional and psychological significance to the villagers because these were community resources of which they had some direct measure of control. As the landed classes of England realised that wealth could be had by developing common lands, they began to push Parliament to permit the seizure of the lands, on the pretext that there is a need of "improving" them. Basically, enclosure appealed to these proto-capitalists because fresh breeding procedures for sheep made

Pest Analysis of Sainsburys in a 3rd World Country Essay Example for Free

Pest Analysis of Sainsburys in a 3rd World Country Essay Interest rate, economic growth, monetary and fiscal policy, inflation and the exchange rates are the important economic factors. These factors play a vital role in a firm’s business strategy and decision making. Every country has it’s own culture and the nation has a strong impact on their living. The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country. Social  factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, language, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. For example, the roles of men and women in the society. Furthermore, companies may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends Technological  factors have vital place in PEST analysis. Some markets are labour intensive and some are capital intensive. Technological factors determine  barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence  outsourcing  decisions. It is one of the major drivers of globalization and is the base for competitive advantage. Innovation is offered to the customers or consumers through technology for example internet banking, smart phones etc. It also enables the firm to produce a product cheaply and to a better quality in standard. Pakistan is the sixth most populated country in the world with over 180 million people. It is estimated that the 25% of the population belongs to the middle income class. It is also estimated that 55% of the Pakistani population is in the 10-40 years age bracket. The upper middle-income class is estimated at 17 million with relatively high per capita income which favours more consumer spending. The average Pakistani consumer spends 42% of his income on food related products. The upcoming changes in demographic will create opportunities and challenges for businesses in Pakistan. Pakistan’s food retail sector is unorganised and highly dominated by independent small stores. Over the past few years, some large European food retailers have opened stores in all major Pakistani metropolitan cities like Makro, Metro and Carrefour (Hyper star). Pakistani families are attracted towards these stores due to their strategic location, multiple product range and imported processed food. Studies also show that there has been a significant shift to organized format of shopping from traditional format, in urban areas. This provides a challenging and profitable opportunity to other food retailers to enter the market. Sainsburys provides convenient shopping under one roof, has wide range of products, consumer friendly environment, large storage and discounted prices. These factors give Sainsburys an advantage over other food retailers currently present in Pakistan. If Sainsburys decides to enter in food retail sector then it has to perform a PEST analysis. PEST Analysis of Sainsburys in Pakistan : Political Factors : The political factors revolve around the current government in a country. Currently, in Pakistan, the ruling party is Pakistan People’s Party which was democratically elected in 2008. Though it is backed by western powers but still is considered to be a weak government. The basic questions arise such as how stable is the political or is there any government intervention in the economic policy making or laws and legislation protecting the businesses. Unfortunately, due to weak governments in the past, the security and corruption has been the key issues Pakistan has been facing over the the last decade. Which certainly is not a good sign for any foreign investors. However, giants in food-retail sectors like Metro and Carrefour ( hyper star) have set an example with an increasing growth in profit and expansion even in such circumstances. Sainsburys may enter in the Pakistani market with it’s variety of products which are available under one roof, as the increasing trend in urban areas shows, there will be high demand for it. Political factors may also include the goods and services which the governments want to provide or be provided. Sainsburys collects much of it’s revenue by selling it’s wide range of wines and spirits. Pakistani law prohibits the sale or consumption of any type of wines and spirits within its geographical boundaries, Sainsburys will not be allowed to sell it in their stores which may negatively affect their sales. Government of Pakistan ensures that there is foreign investment in Pakistan and it has signed a few trade agreements too. It also provides foreign investors the incentives to invest here. Partial ownership by the Pakistan government usually serves as an insurance policy for the share holders and the investors. Economic Factors: Extremely volatile oil prices are the root cause of global financial crisis in Pakistan which has also worsened the energy crisis. These two factors increase the cost of production. High inflation is a key resultant of it As Sainsburys produce much of it’s products in stores so they may go beyond their feasible region in producing a product. Interest rates are at their peak, economic growth is quite slow and this is due to the low level of lending and purchasing power of the consumer is weak. Though it is a labour intensive country and labour supply is quite high and also available at low cost than most other countries but unemployment is rising regardless of the above mentioned fact. The gap between rich and poor continues to expand and the percentage of poor is increasing everyday. However relatively quite cheaper labour may do a significant impact in Sainsburys production. It will also bring employment opportunities for young and skilled labour. Heavy loans from financial institutions like IMF and world bank has made the government in debt upto neck and there are no significant changes in sight. However financial aid packages in the name of war on terror and from the friends of Pakistan has kept the economy from collapsing. Pakistan has integrated with global economy and has brought positive impact on economy with increase in GDP. Despite of the worse conditions, Investing in such a country where cheap labour is available and more than half of the country’s population lies in the labour force, targeting middle-income class-keeping the fact in mind that government provides support to private investors would not be a bad decision. Social Factors : The culture and religion are very close to each other in Pakistan. As mentioned above this will affect the sales of wines and spirits of Sainsburys as it is not only prohibited by the dominant religion and prohibited by law but the targeted class does not accept it too. Health and Education are the two important sectors for any developing nations and Pakistan lack both of them and government of Pakistan fails to allocate the required budget in both the sectors. However, people like to shop and come with families to the big retail stores. There has been a significant shift from traditional to organized format. The studies show that 11% of the population tend to buy long life food related products in advance for a month. Sainsburys provides a healthy and safe environment to work with,which for a change would attract the people to work and shop here. In comparison to the past, women have also started to contribute in the labor force. Language will be a barrier for the citizens of Pakistan as english is not the first language in Pakistan. Buying imported products is considered a status symbol in Pakistan so there is a high demand for foreign products in Pakistan and is appreciated in the local market. According to studies people spend 42% of their income on food related products. So there will be high demand for a food related products provided by Sainsburys. Technological Factors : Technological expertise is overflowed in Pakistan as the labour supply and demand for IT professionals is high. There has been an improvement in the industrial sector but still the country’s imports are higher than exports. Since it is a labour intensive area and not capital intensive so use of technology higher the cost of production but shift to focus more on labour may help Sainsburys to produce it’s products relatively cheaper. There is also a trend of buying products online seen. Sainsburys already provides the service of buying it’s products online which saves much time so the typical â€Å"9-5† workforce can also be targeted.

Criminal Acts in Sport :: essays research papers

Criminal Acts in Sport; Getting Away With Murder Introduction The amount of crimes that occur in and around sports has been a growing topic of conversation over the last decade in our society. Sports participants and spectators alike have been committing crimes on far more frequent basis over the last few years and in the minds of some, this is an issue that is getting or has gotten out of hand. There is a question that is asked by many, â€Å"Where does part of the game become a crime?† as well as; â€Å"Why are sports the cause of so much aggression?† This and many other questions relating to crime, in and around sports, are seeking an answer that may never be completely resolved. When examining the issue of criminal acts in sports it is easy to realize that there are many places where these acts occur. The range of these acts is far more vast than just in the professional arenas. This is, however, what the public sees and hears about most often. While this is one of the major topics of this paper, criminal acts are found in all of sport ranging from professionals, to college, high school, and in youth sports, including the reaction of the fans. This paper will take an in-depth look at the four major points regarding criminal acts in sport: the acts themselves; the consequences of those acts; the possible reasons for the acts occurring; an analysis of a few major events that have occurred and the possible solutions to the problem of criminal acts in sport. In the section about fan reaction to sport, there will be an overall account of the individual acts and not personal cases due to the overload of personal events that occur. During the evaluation of the events in each topic area there are some legal terms that may need to be defined. These terms may also be defined differently depending on the state that the event occurs in. At the end of this paper there is a list of definitions that describe what a certain legal action could mean. All forms of government view these definitions similarly, however, each state may have differing consequences for each of the crimes. Professional Sports INTRODUCTION In the world of professional sports there are many criminal acts that are committed both on and off the playing surface. In this section we are going to look at a few cases where criminal acts have occurred. Criminal Acts in Sport :: essays research papers Criminal Acts in Sport; Getting Away With Murder Introduction The amount of crimes that occur in and around sports has been a growing topic of conversation over the last decade in our society. Sports participants and spectators alike have been committing crimes on far more frequent basis over the last few years and in the minds of some, this is an issue that is getting or has gotten out of hand. There is a question that is asked by many, â€Å"Where does part of the game become a crime?† as well as; â€Å"Why are sports the cause of so much aggression?† This and many other questions relating to crime, in and around sports, are seeking an answer that may never be completely resolved. When examining the issue of criminal acts in sports it is easy to realize that there are many places where these acts occur. The range of these acts is far more vast than just in the professional arenas. This is, however, what the public sees and hears about most often. While this is one of the major topics of this paper, criminal acts are found in all of sport ranging from professionals, to college, high school, and in youth sports, including the reaction of the fans. This paper will take an in-depth look at the four major points regarding criminal acts in sport: the acts themselves; the consequences of those acts; the possible reasons for the acts occurring; an analysis of a few major events that have occurred and the possible solutions to the problem of criminal acts in sport. In the section about fan reaction to sport, there will be an overall account of the individual acts and not personal cases due to the overload of personal events that occur. During the evaluation of the events in each topic area there are some legal terms that may need to be defined. These terms may also be defined differently depending on the state that the event occurs in. At the end of this paper there is a list of definitions that describe what a certain legal action could mean. All forms of government view these definitions similarly, however, each state may have differing consequences for each of the crimes. Professional Sports INTRODUCTION In the world of professional sports there are many criminal acts that are committed both on and off the playing surface. In this section we are going to look at a few cases where criminal acts have occurred.

History of Africa

The Birthplace of humanity All people are most likely to be descendents of beings who lived in Africa millions of years ago. Fossils and genetic evidence suggest that both humans and the forest dwelling great apes descended from a common ape like ancestor who lived in Africa 5 to ten million years ago. The earliest known hominids to which humans belong were the australopithecines, which emerged about four million years ago. Recently scientists have found Homo habilis fossils in the Caucasus region of southern Europe. A more advanced human, Homo erectus, spread even farther from Africa. According to a multiregional model, model human evolved throughout Africa. Africa provides a comprehensive and contiguous time line of human development going back at least 7 million years. Africa gave humanity the use of fire a million and half to two million years ago. It is the home of the first tools, astronomy, jewelry, fishing, mathematics, crops, art, use of pigments, cutting and other pointed instruments and animal domestication. In short Africa gave the world human civilization. This is 1st importance to me because you must know where you originated from before anything else. It is important to understand that African Americans were all born in Africa before they were forced to move from their homeland. The slave trade in Africa While some slaves shipped to Europe and America had previously been African slaves, many enslaved had been innocent bystanders. It was not uncommon for the Europeans to hide and wait for an African to come along, and then kidnap him. The retrieval of slaves was also obtained through Africans convicted of a crime. It was also likely for Africans of a tribe to be captured by an enemy tribe as a prisoner of war and then exchanged for goods. This lasted from the 15th to the 19th century, devastating the lives of at least ten to twenty million Africans. All forced into foreign enslavement, exported in exchange for imported goods. This is known as the slave trade. During their voyage slaves were governed by a system of fear, torture, and brutalization. This type of system was enforced by the crew in order to contain the slaves who were desperate, afraid, and would usurp any opportunity to regain their freedom by overthrowing the crew in order to obtain control of the ship. In Africa, before they were forced aboard the slavers, once they were captured, the slaves were tied together to prevent escape. After the right amounts of slaves were kidnapped, they would then be taken to slave factories in which their state and quality of health would be examined. The measure of their strength and well-being analyzed. If the slave happened to fail this examination, he would be set free and would not have to endure the horror aboard the slavers. The horror of hundreds upon hundreds of slaves packed tightly together. The torridness of the climate enclosed within a hold in which one slave crowded upon another could barely move resulting in an unyielding amount of perspiration amongst the slaves. The air becoming unsuitable, for breathing, from a number of abhorrent odors, causing the death of many. The slave trade is the 2nd most important because here we learned how the Africans were captured from their homeland and forced to become slaves. The Middle Passage The first slave ship was built in Massachusetts, 1637. In which the ships, also known as slavers, would sail from America to West Africa in exchange for goods. The Europeans also took a great part in the transportation of African slaves across the Atlantic and once the adequate number of slaves were acquired aboard a slaver they would set out for sail anywhere from five weeks to three months, heading back to America or Europe where many slaves would be sold at a slave auction to the highest bidder. This process is recognized as the Middle Passage. Slaves had to endure many injustices, such as; suffocation, brutalization, fear, rape, and hopelessness among others. There was also disease: smallpox, scurvy, dysentery, and more. These diseases often spreading from slaves to the crew, killing a myriad of people. Along this journey many slaves found themselves in a state of fixed-melancholy. As they saw there was no longer a reason to live. At this point some slaves would jump off the ship and remain under water, until they killed themselves. Others would starve themselves to death. This causing the captain to resort to drastic measures, for fear of losing his valuable cargo. The slaves who chose to starve themselves would be force-fed or tortured, if not both. Africans would often be forced to eat with what is called a speculum orum, a device which held the mouth open. They could not even escape enslavement through death. The Africans that remained healthy were put on display at public auctions and examined in a ridiculous and humiliating manner. A buyer might lick the African's chin to determine the ge of the slave, or taste his sweat to decipher if he was healthy. Once they were purchased, who was to say they would receive a kind owner. If Americans and Europeans had used such a harsh manner to obtain slaves, it was probably nearly impossible for slaves to believe that once they were in America or Europe that there would be an improvement. The Middle passage to me is the 3rd important because we learned how Africans were treated and their living conditions du ring the transportation to be sold as slaves. Plantation Slavery Seasoning When African Slaves reached the Americas, the slave ship crews prepared them for sale by washing, shaving all their body hair, and rubbing them with palm oil to disguise sores and wounds caused by conditions on board. They were trained not to resist having all parts of their bodies examined—especially their reproductive organs, and sometimes were allotted a little rum to liven their spirits. The Slaves’ New World â€Å"Ordeal†Ã¢â‚¬â€called Seasoning—was for the purpose of increasing their sale price. Once Slaves had gone through the Seasoning process this meant that, among other things, they had survived the first attack of New World diseases and were molded into productive Slaves by means of having been hardened to a strange climate; to the immunities of diseases, and to the indescribable severity of toil as plantation Slaves. Seasoning was similar to a prolonged and inhumane way of â€Å"breaking† horses. The Seasoning process began on the auction block—a terribly frightening process. Once sold, despite having been branded with the traders mark in Africa, the new owner branded them with his mark. Then the Slaves were taken to the worse of locations as, for example, to plantations at rivers’ edges where there were swarms of mosquitoes, parasites, and other new environmental challenges. Seasoning consisted of brutal methods of physical and psychological conditioning—so brutal, in fact, that 7% to 50% of the Slaves are estimated to have died within their one to seven years of the Seasoning period. Actually, the average life expectancy for an imported Slave was only seven years. Many died in the first few weeks or months from dysentery, malnutrition, several types of worm infections, change of diet and climate, and the White man’s diseases. One reason is that the Slaves were terribly weakened by the trauma of the Middle Passage voyage and the addition of exposure to diseases, inadequate nutrition, bad water, work exhaustion from being unaccustomed to the â€Å"sunrise-to-sunset gang labor,† and cruelty were simply overwhelming. Immediately, new owners and their overseers obliterated the identities of their newly acquired Slaves by breaking their wills and by severing any bonds with their African past. Such occurred while the Slaves were being forced to adapt to new and horrendous working and living conditions; to learn a new language; and to adopt new customs. The 4th important aspects of slavery I believe was â€Å"seasoning† where Africans were brainwashed to forgetting where they came from Africans were forced to except the new life that was ahead of them. As seen in â€Å"Roots†) Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is a famous document for many reasons. It declared the colonies independence from Great Britain. It stated basic rights and liberties for Americans. The French used the ideals behind the Declaration as a model for their own revolution in 1789. As time went by, the ideals behind â€Å"all men are created equal† grew in importance. Northern states us ed them to free slaves in their states. Abraham Lincoln used equal rights to justify the war against slavery. In 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. tood on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C†¦ In his famous speech he repeated the ideals of the Declaration â€Å"that all men are created equal. † The Declaration failed to address slaves. While it was the culture of the time for men (and ONLY men) to be involved in politics, slavery was a different issue. Jefferson and the founding fathers left slavery out because they knew they needed the support of the South. While the North didn't really care (at this point, they were not morally against it, but not for it either) Southern life was based on the institution of slavery. So to avoid the drama of slavery (which we saw what happened in 1861) they left out slavery. It's not right, but it allowed all 13 colonies to support the Declaration, and this was tremendously important because the colonies needed to put up a united front against Britain. Last but not least was the declaration of Independence that created every man equal this was the trick that most African Americans fell for they thought that this applied to them but it didn’t because African Americans were not considered equal to whites so they remained slaves. History of Africa By the end of the course/unit the learner should be able to: I) Explain why Africa is the cradle of humankind. II) Describe the origin and development of Agriculture, mining and manufacturing. Ill) Discuss rise and fall of early civilizations of Egypt, More and Exam. V) Describe the emergence and spread of Bantu, Clutches and Entities v) Explain the growth of local and regional trade. V') Discuss the economic contacts with the outside world vii) Discuss the coming and impact of Islam and Christianity in Africa viii) Discuss decentralized and centralized states in Africa. Content I) Early Man in Africa. ) The origin and development of Agriculture Where it originated from How it spread to Africa Theories of diffusion, evolution, innovation Importance of Agricultural Revolution In Africa â€Å"l) Orally and development of Iron Technology The theories and myths that surround origin and spread of Iron technology. Effects of Iron Technology on Africa v) The rise and fall of early civiliza tions of Egypt, More and Exam v) Emergence and spread of Bantu, Cushiest and Milestones VI) Growth of Local and regional trade vii) Economic contacts with the outside world Slave Trade in West Africa Abolitionist processConsequences of Slave Trade The coming of Islam and Christianity In Africa x) Development of political systems: Decentralized and centralized states Course Evaluation Course evaluation will be in two parts: continuous assessment and the final assignment constituting 30 marks. The final examination will account for 70% of the total marks. As part of the learning process, a lot of seriousness is attached to class attendance and contribution. REFERENCES Crystal D. (1981). The Ancient Egyptians. London: E. Arnold. Davidson Basil (1973).The Growth of African Civilization: East and Central Africa in the Late 19th Century. London: Longing. Gaff Hoses (1985). A History of Africa. London: Zed Books. July Robert W. (1992). A History of the Ancient People. Nairobi: East Educati onal Publishers. Matthias A. Gut and Simon Kinkajou (1991). An Introduction to African African History. Nairobi: Nairobi University Press. General History of Africa II: Ancient Mozart G. (1990). Civilization of Africa. London: Heinlein Kenya. Got B. A. (deed. ). (1992). General History of Africa V: Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. Oxford: Henchman.Indies C. (1990). Themes in World History: Book 1. Nairobi: Longing Kenya. Potts M. J. (1971). Makers of Civilization: Book 1. London: Rodney W. (1972). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Dark-SE- Tanzania Publishing House. 1. 0 The Origin of Man in Africa Africa is the cradle of humankind salaam: The question of the origin of humans is pertinent not only in Africa but in the world all over. It is therefore important to answer this question before analyzing the history of Africa. Charles Darwin (1809-1882), an Englishman, made a scientific trip in 1831 to South America and the Pacific Islands.In this expedition, he spent time to study rocks and other geographical features. Consequently, he published his theories on evolution in 1859 in a book entitled: The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Darning's theory states that all living things evolved over millions of years from simple living cells to complex plants and animals. Scientific evidence supports Darning's theory which states that man was originally a primate but gradually evolved over years from his ape-like ancestors. Archaeological evidence in particular, points to Africa as being the possible cradle of humankind.Many archaeological sites have been discovered in Africa. This confirms that early hominids were living in the area even before the earth movements that led to the formation of the Rift Valley. Dust and lava covered places where man lived. The location of these remains formed major archaeological sites in EAI. Some of the important archaeological sites in Africa include Rushing Island, Fort Tehran near Jericho, Ukraini ans, Gambles Cave, Largesse, Harry Hills near Nassau, Negro River Caves and Kankakee. The oldest remains found in Kenya were those of thyrotrophic Africans.These were discovered at Rushing Island in L. Victoria. The creature was named Proconsul and looked like a chimpanzee; had long teeth and had a smooth forehead. In 1961, the remains of Snappishness were discovered at Fort Tehran near Jericho by Dry. Louis Leaky and his wife Mary. The fossil remains were dated between 15-12 million years old. Other similar remains have since been found at Samba's Hills, Lake Barring and Lake Turban Basins. Snappishness is believed to have been closer to man in several aspects.He had 32 teeth and his canines were smaller than earlier hominids. He had a brain size of ICC, massive Jaws, weighed between 18-keg and occasionally on two legs. Other important remains found in Africa are those of Astrophysicists / Conjurations [Southern Ape which lived between 1 – 7 million years ago. The remains we re found at L. Turban in 1969 after having been discovered earlier tatting in Botswana in 1924 and Latvia Gorge in 1959. Astrophysicists walked on two legs; was hairy, short and strong about 1. Meters, had low forehead and deep- set eyes, had brain capacity of 450-ICC, had sharp vision, had massive Jaws with large molars and smaller canines and made and used tools referred to as Lowdown tools. Recent findings near Jenny's Marionette River near Lake Turban and Lordliest near L. Magic indicate that hominids such as Homo habits (1. 8 and . 5 million years ago) and Homo erects (1. 8 million to 350 000 years ago) are possible direct ancestors of modern Homo sapiens, and lived in Kenya in the Pre- Neolithic epoch.During excavations at Lake Turban in 1984, paleontologist's Richard Leaky assisted by Kamala Kim discovered the Turban boy, a 1. 6-million- year-old fossil belonging to Homo erects. Homo erects means the upright man and was believed to have a bigger brain (775-check) than homo ha bits (500-ICC). They had a more advanced speech, about Ft tall, had discovered and used fire, were omnivorous and made more advanced tools called Caecilian tools. Remains of Homo sapiens which mean thinking or intelligent man have been found near L.Turban, Kankakee and L. Victoria. He about Ft tall, brain capacity of 1000-check, small teeth with a steep and well-rounded forehead, was a fisherman, religious and made refined tools called microfilms. This overwhelming evidence goes a long way to prove that Africa was inhabited by early man. It should also be noted that more evidence concerning early man continues to be unearthed with time. 2. 0 The origin and development of Agriculture and Agricultural Revolution 2. 1 Introduction Agriculture is the cultivation of crops and taming of animals.Knowing how to cultivate food and tame animals seems to have been a long history of human cultural adaptation of probably trial and error which finally made man to control his environment. Agricult ural revolution on the other hand was the change from dependence on hunting and gathering of eatable fruits and roots as well as fishing to domestication of animals and cultivation of food. The development of Agriculture initiated one of the most important revolutions in human history. It led to major changes in man's relationship with his environment and in his social, economic and lattice organization and behavior. . 2 Theories of Origin and development of Agriculture For a long time, Resurrection scholars recounted the origins of Agriculture from a whose claim is that Africa had no single site where agriculture originated but Africans got the knowledge through interaction with the so called Hammiest of the Near East, in Mesopotamia to be precise. It was through such interaction that the knowledge came to Egypt through the Nile Valley, and then it spread to the rest of Africa. This Diffusion Theory seems to be true because some products seem not to have been domesticated in Africa .For example, we are certain and sure of chicken. Also it is certain that cattle, south of the Sahara, came from outside; either from Libya, North Africa or Asia Minor. Archaeological evidence and their radio-carbon dates have also unequivocally established an early start of cereal farming in the Middle East. At the same time, the advantages of farming in supporting complex civilizations argued that the seemingly less efficient hunter-gatherer societies were quicker to take advantage of a more efficient food producing economy than more efficient hunter-gatherer societies.It appeared; therefore that Agriculture had been invented during a short interval at a single point from which it spread quickly and widely across the world. Increasingly, this concept of rapid revolutionary change has come into question. To begin with, there were many crops and agricultural methods that clearly did not have a Middle-East origin. In Africa hoe and digging-stick cultivation has always predominated wh ile the use of mounds and ridges remains characteristic of wetter regions. Many African crops have also been identified.For example, the cereal Theft and the banana like Onset in Ethiopia or the West African millet known as Font. Conceivably, the methods of cultivation of sorghum and millet might have spread from the Middle East via Egypt, but this hardly takes into account the techniques for growing rice or yams, both indigenous of the regions below the Sahara, both raised by methods far removed from those of the Middle East. Due to inadequate evidence to support the above contention and new discoveries that some products were indigenous to Africa while others were not, watered down the Diffusion Theory.Since the end of World War 2, much light has been thrown on the origin of Agriculture in various parts of the world including North and South America, South East Asia and also the African contributions in the history of Agriculture. Advocates of this new revelation are referred to a s Evolutionist theorists or Independent Developed Theorists. According to Evolutionist or Independent Developed Theory, agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world particularly along river valleys. Independent developed theorists have suggested various centers which they belief were the cradle of Agriculture.There are probably 4 centers of early plant and animal domestication. Such centers yielded different varieties of plants and animals. It is important to examine such areas and he factors that make such scholars to observe that they are original places for the origin of Agriculture. The Near East The area is hypothesized by a wide range of archaeologists and botanists as the centre of some domesticated animals and plants. These areas cover South West Iran, parts of Iraq, Turkey and around rivers Tigris and Euphrates. They are believed to be homeland of wheat, barley, sheep, pigs and cattle.This centre is generally considered to be the oldest centre of agri cultural development in the world; it occurred as early as 9000 SC. South East Stats argued that the area allowed for the invention of agriculture because it had favorable conditions such as plenty of water mass that allowed populations to do fishing which in turn allowed them time to invent domestication and cultivation. Domesticated animals such as pigs, fowls, geese and duck are argued to have been the first wild animals to be domesticated. The author also argues that this was the first area to domesticate yams and taro (a starchy root plant).He further argues that yams found their way into Africa through East African coastal trade while crops like bananas came in from here and were taken to Began and later to the West African regions. The New World This centre lies between Mexico and Peru and here the American Indian population developed maize and potatoes. Africa The scholar who first proposed this region was a Russian agronomist, N. L. Pavlov. Various regions of Africa have be en proposed in this argument. 1. West Africa The most important plant remains discovered here were those of yams and palm oil.In this region a different type of yam called Discover yam and which was widespread in the region had no counterpart in any other part of the world. Hence scholars have concluded that West African region is the cradle of Discover yam. Also here is West African millet known as font which is not found anywhere else in the world. 2. Mauritania In this centre, there was found a special type of millet which has never been found in any other part of the world like the Discover yam in West Africa. Scholars have also concluded that such a variety of millet was first domesticated in this area. . Ethiopia In this centre, there was found a cereal Theft and the banana like Onset in Ethiopia which were different from other types found in other areas. Also Voile carried out his research from 1952 to 1965 and concluded that Ethiopia seem to have been the anomaly of sorghum, wheat, barley and coffee. His conclusions have been challenged by scholars like Elizabeth Scheming and Philips D. W. Who have argued against Ethiopia being the cradle of these crops. They insist that the conditions in Ethiopia are not favorable for plants like Barley and wheat. 2. Spread of Agriculture in Africa Most scholars maintain that there are three main phases of agricultural spread in Africa. In the First Phase they argue cereal agriculture was developed in the Lower Nile Valley and the Fumy Depression. The diffusion from the Near East (about 5000 o BBC) of wheat and barley eventually resulted in Africans population explosion. Probably less than 20, 000 hunters and gatherers could have occupied the Lower Nile area before the introduction of Agriculture; but about BBC the labor force for pyramid building alone exceeded 100, 000.Today Egypt is still one of the densely populated areas in the world. Population growth was accompanied by widespread arbitration and the development of more elaborate forms of social, economic and political organization. Populations spread slowly through Africa, north and south of the Sahara and up to the Nile Valley as far south as modern Khartoum. It is generally understood that the Sahara was capable of supporting both Agriculture and pastoralist until approximately BBC, the time that the desert conditions had become firmly established.Some feel that interactions between Negroes populations innovations flowing in both directions. The Second Phase advocates that agriculture was developed in the Satanic Belt (from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ethiopians Highlands). This important agricultural knowledge is generally felt to have come from Egypt, although the implementation of these ideas depended upon the domestication f suitable drought resistant cereals of the Savannah like sorghum, millet and rice. These developments resulted in a second but much slower build-up population in black Africa.Much of this development was confined t o the Satanic Belt hemmed in on the north by the progressively drying Sahara and on the south by the equatorial forests where Savannah crops were unsuitable. The Nile swamps probably prevented direct spread to the East African grasslands but some crops began to appear after 1000 BC in various locations from present day Kenya south to Zambia and southern Angola. This was most likely the result of the spread of Ethiopians forms of millet and sorghum. These pockets of agricultural settlements were to play an important role in Bantu migrations.The more humid regions of Africa (Congo Basin, Guiana Coast, Great Lakes Region and parts of the Zambia Valley) were to remain mainly hunting and gathering areas, with perhaps some form of cultivation based on yams and palm oil until the beginning of the Christian era. Compared to the other African Savannah, there has been generally lack of indigenous food plants in the African Rain Forests. The settlements of the rain forests over the past 2000 y ears had therefore depended to a greater extent on the introduction of food crops from outside.The third phase was the Bantu migrations and spread of Agriculture to the humid areas of Africa. This was very significant because it led to the present spread of distribution of population in Africa. This spread of Agriculture to the more humid regions has been linked to a combination of three factors, namely: introduction of South East Asian crops in Africa, the growth of iron technology and the migration of the Bantu speaking peoples who occupy nearly all of Africa south of the Equator. 4 The Impact of Agricultural Revolution The revolution was one of the most significant steps in human history for it changed man's life tremendously. As some people became pastoralist, looking after sheep, goats, cattle and camels, the majority took up mixed farming with wide range of social, economic and political implications. To begin with, rearing animals and cultivation of crops freed man from relia nce on the environment as adequate food was produced usually with surplus to be stored.Secondly, scientific knowledge increased. As knowledge on domestication increased, hybrid plants and livestock ere developed. In many cases entirely new crops were developed from the wild species. Thirdly, methods of cultivation were improved. In the beginning, digging sticks were used but later ploughs were devised. Inadequate rainfall did not seriously affect production, especially in areas near permanent water courses since irrigation was practiced. Fourthly, high food supplies freed many people from farming to other activities.There was division of labor as other members of society worked in pottery; basketry; black-smiths and other related crafts as well as other professions like medicine and administration. Fifthly, forests were destroyed as more land was brought under cultivation. Sixthly, trade developed as people exchanged life since cultivation required patience before planted crops were harvested. Since unnecessary migrations and movements were minimized and diets improved, it was now possible to localize the supply of food. Another social impact was population explosion.The increase in population which was as a result of improved food security and health. This in turn led to population movements from their earlier settled areas. Furthermore, there was development of religion. Man perceived that there were there forces that determined the yields from the farm such as the sun and rain and started worshipping such phenomena. In the political sphere, government was developed as the population grew so as to have effective control of the increased population and avoid serious problems.Laws were thus instituted and enacted and self appointed or acclaimed rulers enforced them. Eventually kingdoms and empires with defined spheres of influence were established. 2. 5 Conclusion It was the Agricultural revolution and use of Iron technology that made the early settlers in Afr ica to master their environment and prompted successful migration to ewe and unknown lands. In any case, the history of agricultural revolution and Iron technology generally referred to as the Neolithic Revolution, show that Africa had its own development and was not isolated from the rest of the world.Africa was not a dark continent. 3. 0 Origin and Development of Iron Technology 3. 1 Introduction When dealing with the introduction of Iron technology and agriculture, we always come across the term ‘Neolithic' which is used in two versions to fit our purposes. First, it means the technological advance whereby the experts try to reconstruct how pottery, stone and metals, especially iron were made. Secondly, its meaning turns out to be economic and here experts try to reconstruct the agricultural aspects of human life entailing rearing of animals and cultivation of crops.In brief, ‘Neolithic Revolution' deals with technological and agricultural developments which are two d istinct aspects of human life. This topic focuses on the history of Iron technology in Africa. Although technology in Africa started with the science of making stone tools which went through various phases through space and time, our topic will harp on metallurgy and iron technology to be specific for the major fact that it was the one hat considerably altered human life to a degree unknown before.This Archaeological evidence abounds to suggest that Africans from about 1st C AD worked on various metals and also exploited various minerals to meet their needs. It is important to note that Africa is one of the richest continents in the world in terms of mineral resources. Of these minerals, the ones mined in the earliest times are iron, copper, tin, gold and salt. In this topic we will examine the origin and development of Iron and other metals like copper. 3. 2 Iron Technology There once existed a widespread belief that iron technology diffused into Africa from outside Africa.More spe cifically it was believed that the Turks of Anatolia were the first iron users as early as 2000 BC. The information available reveals that the making of iron tools was secret to the Turks and it remained their monopoly. For reasons unknown by historians, this knowledge of iron working leaked to the Hitters (Syria) of the Middle East, probably about 1500 BC. From this region it landed into Africa, through Egypt. The Hitters are said to have moved with the technology to Egypt down the Nile Valley up to More.Another school of thought states the Cushiest More got he knowledge from the Hitters after conquering them. Whichever the case, More became the most important transmission centre of iron technology first to Exam, then to other regions in East and Central Africa. More Kingdom thrived between BBC to BBC. Records have it that the people of More had made iron working their art and occupation. A. H. Sauce, the archaeologist who was associated with the discovery of More in 1911, said tha t More produced quantities of iron and that place came to be nicknamed ‘The Birmingham of Africa. About BBC, this knowledge is claimed to have diffused to ‘Nook in Central Nigeria. Out of that, other archaeologists have linked Bantu knowledge about iron technology with Nook. Another related argument on the spread of iron technology stated that West Africa may also have received its iron technology from Cartage through the Sahara or the Atlantic coastal region. Then it is argued that the Bantu speaking people migrated with the technology to Central and Southern Africa. Azalea (1993:174), in A Modern Economic History of Africa Volvo. Dismisses the explanation of the diffusion trail since it was constructed on thin evidence and speculation. The diffusion explanation was guided y the racist notion that Africa or more precisely the part that Europeans call Black Africa was too primitive for independent technological innovation and development. Indeed as some research by archa eologists and historians has shown, iron technology was invented independently in Africa. Other scholars however still argue that iron technology and metallurgy in general were introduced in Africa from external sources.Yet this latter group ignores the fact that technology is not an immutable idea to be conceived, bred and transmitted whole from the outside world to Africa without the Africans also injecting their own value to it. Certainly, technology is a continuous process of innovation and change spawned by complex interaction between iron production techniques and economic, cultural, social, political and environmental transformations. The belief that Egyptians were introduced to the use of iron by the Assyrian or the Greeks has been challenged.More and Exam have been dethroned as centers of the diffusion to the rest of Africa. Available data for the beginning of smelting from several centers in West, Central and East Africa show that the knowledge of iron working was known in these centers between the contemporary with or even earlier than More. For example, in the West Africa region iron working sites have yielded earlier dates in several centers. Evidence for this has been obtained from rock art painting, Arabic sources and from iron implements discovered from excavated sites.Evidence from Joss plateau in Northern Nigeria, which has been categorized as the â€Å"Nook culture† has shown that iron was in regular use by at least the third century BC. Here various types of terracotta have been found. Other early evidence of iron working in West Africa region have been found at Trauma and Born in Nigeria, Do Dimmit in Niger, Dobra in Ghana and Assonance Valley in Senegal. In the East Africa region, the centers include Startup in Tanzania. There was also iron working evidence in the Congo basin and at Machine in Zambia areas of Central Africa.South Africa evidence indicates that iron working was practiced around the 3rd 0 4th century AD. In excavatio n at some of the working at Determination indicated regular iron operations. One of the vexing issues concerning the spread of iron technology in Africa has been its relation to the migration of the Bantu. The argument has been that the Bantu people have been responsible for the spread of this technology from their West Africa homeland to other regions of Eastern and southern Africa.Their movement has been traced by archaeologists through a special type of pottery which is dimple based and (Urea ware) which is associated with the Bantu. However as Azalea (Ibid) argues, there was no direct correlation between the dispersal of Bantu languages and Iron Age technology. Azalea and indeed other historians, archaeologists and linguists have demonstrated that Iron Age culture in East Africa communities preceded those communities closer to the Bantu homeland. Linguistic studies have not shown that stems relating to metallurgy in the various Bantu languages are not all derived from a common p roto-Bantu, nor are they different from those in non Bantu language. Probably, the expansion of the Bantu speakers from their homeland in south-eastern Nigeria started much earlier than once thought, some 2000-arrears B. C. Before the advent of iron working in West, Central or East Africa. Therefore the earliest Bantu speakers in these areas did not produce iron. Azalea's argument however does not water down the fact that the Bantu were responsible for the spread of Iron technology. Instead of arguing to water down this fact she evades it and start pointing out that there were pockets of iron smelting in different parts of Africa.Just as there is a big difference in manufacturing a good and marketing it, there is also a very big difference between inventing technology and spreading it and that was what Azalea had forgotten in her argument. This loophole was filled by historians Oliver Roland and linguists like Malcolm Guthrie and Joseph Greenberg who suggested and showed iron techno logy led to the migration of the Bantu who spread southwards and were able to conquer the Czarina Forest and defeat the original inhabitants they passed through and settled.Using the TTS-TTS-free corridors, iron workers and agriculturalists reached Zambia ND southwards towards Tanganyika from either north or north-west with their cattle Gradually, iron age communities pushed southwards in small groups reaching the Zambia by the early centuries of the Christian era, settling in Mishandled in the 4th C and crossing the Limp some time later. However archaeologists say that Stone Age hunter-gatherers lived peacefully with the iron technology farmers until made many of the later to abandon their natural way of life and turn on food production.By early 19th century most African peoples were able to produce their own iron or obtain it from neighboring communities through trade. Iron production was a complex, skill, lengthy and labor intensive process. It involved prospecting, mining, smelt ing and forging. Iron ore was available in virtually all part of the continent. Iron ore deposits were found by means of outcrops and were extracted through either alluvial or shallow mining. Smelting was done in furnaces using charcoal fuel, after which the iron was forged in workshops.Many products were made including tools, utensils and Jewelry. The most important tools manufactured were hoes, sickles, razors, knives, daggers, rings, wire and weapons such as spear, assesses, arrow-heads and battle axes. The position of iron producers varied among many Africa societies. In some they were respected while in others they were despised. By early 19th C Africa was sufficient in iron needs. But toward the end of the century, imports had become dominant in some part of the continent. Three explanation account for this: 1 .African iron industries declined because of competition from Europeans products. 2. There were ecological factors that hampered iron production. For example charcoal sh ortage caused by deforestation affected their production. 3. The role of labor organization and distribution affected the production. Whereas production was increasingly becoming more costly. Europeans imports, though of low quality and often less relevant for local uses were much cheaper, substituting of local with imported therefore became the order of the day. 3. The Impact of Iron Technology on African Societies It led to the development of agriculture as a result of better iron tools. For instance agriculture was practiced in most areas of Sub-Sahara Africa especially after the introduction of iron tools and implements. It led to sedentary life. Iron tools and equipments which allowed the clearance of wooded areas of Africa made most societies to settle down. Therefore the phase of nomadic way of life was replaced with sedentary life characterized by villages and even larger social units.Although it is difficult to ascertain the social structures involved, it is likely that ove r most of Africa, there existed relatively small villages consisting of one or more lineage groups with wider affinities based on clan relationship. Trade flourished. Regional and international trade developed as people exchanged metal items like iron tools with other items. Trade transformed most African economies from ones which were largely parasitic on the immediate environment to ones which were in control food reduction and exchange through trade.It is also important to note that trade took another dimension with the advent of metals. Copper and gold were in demand by various communities in the South, North, East and West. There is evidence that suggest that trade was more expanded and various trading networks were developed. Arab evidence has alluded to the existence of trade in metals across the Sahara from the earliest times. Constructions and building works emerged. Metals were used to construct bridges and reinforcement of buildings like pyramids, temples and houses. With the advent of metallurgy, especially iron technology,